臺北市食品安全風險感知、資訊來源與政策信任度之研究

Abstract

掌握受眾的風險感知及擔憂的議題，是食品安全風險溝通中重要的一環。民眾的社會人口學背景可能會影響其食品安全風險感知及對於政府政策的信任度與信心度。本研究以問卷調查方式瞭解臺北市居民取得食品安全資訊的管道及信任度、對目前消費環境的食品安全信心程度與關注議題，並以健康信念模式概念建構民眾主動獲取食品安全資訊的態度行為模式及影響食品安全風險感知的主要因素。 本研究分析之資料來源係臺北市政府衛生局2019年9月27日至10月9日執行之「食品安全滿意度訪問計畫」，以電話訪問居住於臺北市且年滿18歲以上的民眾，共訪問2,039份有效樣本資料。調查及分析結果，受訪者食品安全資訊管道之取得以電視或廣播新聞(62.8%)、網路新聞(42.7%)為主。年輕人傾向於使用網路媒體(如：政府網站、網路新聞、社群網站等)獲取食安資訊，而老年人傾向於利用傳統媒體(如：電視、廣播新聞、報紙等)。雖然86％的受訪者皆表示使用臺北市政府衛生局建置的相關資源對自身的食品安全是有幫助的，但也有近3成(28.8％)的受訪者認為在資訊的取得上是有困難的，但近九成(88.3％)的民眾仍表示「政府部門官方網站或app」是可信的，故在發布食安重大訊息時，應利用民眾最常使用的管道，讓民眾或下游食品業者第一時間瞭解、信任、因應，防止不安全食品持續流通於市面上。 受訪者對臺北市食品安全管理的認知方面，整體而言，52.2%民眾覺得過去一年來臺北市的食品安全狀況表現差不多；約五成六的受訪者(56.8%)認為當食品安全問題發生時，臺北市政府能夠及時反應處理。在受訪者表示應負起食品安全問題最大責任的單位上，以食品企業(47.4%)的比例較高，其次依序為政府部門(43.0%)，也顯示在食品安全上須要業者自律、落實自主管理及政府有效監督，共同提供民眾安心的消費環境。 以健康信念模式分析結果，個人收入、工作就學區域、教育程度、年齡、性別、居住區域會影響受訪者取得食安資訊自覺利益及障礙。在自覺威脅性部分，僅與個人收入、性別2項因素有相關性。調查結果顯示受訪者的風險感知(自覺威脅性)越高、自覺取得食安資訊的困難度越低則傾向主動獲取政府建置的資源。也呼應實際情況，如食安事件發生時，民眾接收到新聞報導，越擔心是否會有健康危害，則會主動搜尋及瞭解政府發布的訊息及進度，故應第一時間執行風險溝通，提供民眾透明資訊及有效的解決方法，降低民眾的風險感知。

Understanding the people's risk perception and concerns is an important part of food safety risk communication. The sociodemographic background may affect public risk perception, trust and confidence of government policy. This research uses questionnaires to understand the food safety information sources and trust, current public confidence and concern issue of food safety of Taipei citizen. Then, this research use Health Belief Model to construct the attitude and behavior model of people to actively obtain food safety information and the main factors that affect food safety risk perception. The source of the data analyzed in this research is from 'Food Safety Satisfaction Interview Plan' implemented by the Taipei City Government Health Bureau from September 27, 2019 to October 9, 2019, and telephone interviewed Taipei citizen over 18 years old. A total of 2,039 effective samples were collected. According to the results, the respondents obtained food safety information sources mainly through TV or radio news (62.8%) and online news (42.7%). Young people tend to use online media (such as: government websites, online news, community sites, etc.) to obtain food safety information, while older people tend to use traditional media (such as: television, radio news, newspapers, etc.). Although 86% of the respondents said that the use of related resources established by the Taipei City Government Health Bureau is helpful for their own food safety, there are also nearly 30% (28.8%) of the respondents feel that the information is difficult to access. However, nearly 90% (88.3%) of the people still said that the “official website or app of the government” is credible. Therefore, when releasing major food safety information, the most commonly used sources should be used to let people understand the food risk, and prevent the unsafe foods from continuing to be circulated on the market. In terms of the respondents' perception of Taipei's food safety management, overall, 52.2% feel that Taipei's food safety has been similar in the past year. 56.8% of the respondents believe that when a food safety issue occurs, the Taipei City Government can respond promptly. In terms of whom should bear the greatest responsibility for food safety issues, the respondents' think food industry (47.4%) is the first, and the government (43.0%) is second. It shows that food safety requires food industry’s self-discipline and self-management with effective government supervision to jointly provide a safe environment for consumers. According to the analysis of the results of HBM model, personal income, work and study area, education level, age, gender, and living area will affect the respondents' perceived benefits and barriers in obtaining food safety information. In the perceived threat part, it is only related to personal income and gender. The results show that the higher the risk perception (perceived threat) the lower the perceived barriers of obtaining food safety information. It also echoes the actual situation. For example, when a food safety issue occurs, the public receives information. The more worried they are about health risks, they will actively search for and understand the information released by the government. Therefore, risk communication should be carried out as soon as possible to provide the public and provide transparent information and effective solutions to reduce the public's perception of risk.