國際財務報導準則第十七號「保險合約」與第九號「金融工具」中避險會計之配合

Abstract

國際會計準則理事會（International Accounting Standards Board, IASB）於2017年5月18日發布國際財務報導準則第17號「保險合約」（以下簡稱「IFRS 17」），並取代原先作為過渡性準則之國際財務報導準則第4號「保險合約」（以下簡稱「IFRS 4」），提供各模型之單一原則基礎架構，顛覆以往財報之架構與邏輯，以提升保險業財務報表之可比較性，預期對保險業在會計處理、資訊系統及公司治理將產生巨大衝擊。其中保險負債由原本鎖定利率改由現時利率衡量，使企業會因折現率變動產生之保險財務收益費用造成劇烈損益波動性，增加公司決策難度，因此IFRS 17規定企業得選擇將該等影響數認列於當期損益及其他綜合損益中。本研究將以公報探究與釋例分析之方式，探討該會計政策對不同情況、不同時期發行之保險合約在折現率變動時產生之效果，並得出該政策雖於理想情況下可緩解利率風險變動，但在加入保單持有人生命週期及個體實際投資債券之實務情況下，將產生資產負債面之其他綜合損益無法完美互抵且有現金缺口與資產負債缺口之問題。因此接續探討透過國際財務報導準則第9號（以下簡稱「IFRS 9」）之避險會計，利用指定未來期間開始之利率交換衍生工具鎖定收款期間利率，以及指定單一風險組成部分作為被避險項目之可行性與挑戰，最後歸納出保險業現行規避利率風險之困難及本研究之見解，並提供未來研究者作為研究之方向。

The International Accounting Standards Board issued 'IFRS 17: Insurance Contracts ' on May 18, 2017 and replaced the original standard 'IFRS 4: Insurance Contracts '. It provides an infrastructure for each model and subverts the logic of previous financial reports to improve the comparability of the financial statements in the insurance industry, so it is expected that the insurance industry has a huge impact on accounting process, information systems, and corporate governance. Among them, once the discount rate changes, entities will incur insurance financial expenses and cause profit and loss volatility, which increases the difficulty of decision-making. However, as regulated by IFRS 17, entities could have a choice to disaggregate these impacts between net income and other comprehensive income. This thesis will use illustrative examples to analyze the effects of the accounting policy on the discount rate of insurance contracts issued in different situations and different periods. It is concluded that although the policy can mitigate the change in interest rate risk in an ideal situation, adding the policyholder's life cycle and the actual investment assets conditions, other comprehensive income will generate assets and liabilities mismatch and capital gaps. Therefore, we will continue to discuss the feasibility, development, and challenges of designating a forward-starting interest rate swap as a hedging instrument and a single risk component as a hedged item through the 'hedge accounting' of IFRS 9. Finally, we express opinions on future difficulties that interest rate risks may encounter in the insurance industry, and provide other researchers with the direction to further studies.