喝一口苦澀與香醇：原鄉咖啡產業實踐中的歸屬掙扎

Abstract

過去當地理學、社會學、人類學等相關領域，在談論到經濟作物與原住民族的關係議題時，經常認為經濟作物會威脅當地族群文化、破壞地景生態，且剝奪了族人之於土地的主權與歸屬感。然而越來越多研究指出，原住民與經濟作物的關係，其實是更加多元而複雜的。本研究關注於屏東原鄉咖啡產業，以咖啡種植面積最大且經歷過莫拉克風災遷村的泰武部落作為主要田野。透過訪談、文獻資料的分析，梳理了族人遷移的歷史、造林計畫的執行、原鄉農業的在不同時期面對的困境，藉此說明原住民長期以來的歸屬掙扎，不只體現於人在地方中的位置，日常生活層次的實踐，更會進一步影響族人歸屬感的消長。尤其在莫拉克風災後，地方政府和部落轉而大力推廣咖啡產業的現象，說明了咖啡作為一經濟作物，應該具有生計以外的其他因素吸引族人投入。因此以咖啡作為視窗，將歸屬感作為本研究發展的核心概念，透過關注於原鄉咖啡產業中的各種實踐，重新反思勞動剝削、資本入侵外，經濟作物之於原住民的關係其實存在更多可能的詮釋方式。另外透過族人的投入產業的動機，我看到了族人對於家的想像與理解。隨著原鄉咖啡產業的擴張，歸屬感的政治性也體現於各種空間性和社會性的移動中，藉由泰武原鄉咖啡產業的經驗，我也才得以觀察到移動性和歸屬感並非總是對立的概念，兩者除了相互交織影響，更準確地說歸屬感更可以被理解為「人們以咖啡作為中介透過各種移動實踐家的掙扎過程」。

When discussing the relationship between indigenous people and cash crops, we often consider cash crops as damaging to local culture and ecology. Sometimes, they may even deprive the autonomy and sense of belonging of people. However, some research shows the relationship between indigenous people and cash crops is more diverse and complicated. This research focuses on indigenous coffee industry in the Taiwu tribe, which was moved to its current location after the Morakot typhoon and produces the largest amount of coffee in Pintung, is the main field site of this research. This research studies the history of migration, Afforestation programs, and indigenous agriculture, in order to realize the struggle of achieving/maintaining a sense of belonging is affected not only by the one’s location within a place, but also embodied in daily practices. Local government and the tribe have promoted the coffee industry after the serious damage brought by typhoon Morakot. This phenomenon shows us that in addition to livelihood, there must be other reasons that encouraged people to break into the industry. As a result, taking coffee as a scope, we should rethink the relationship between cash crops and indigenous people as something more than labor exploitation and capital invasion. Through people’s business motivations, their imagination and expectation of home becomes apparent. With the expansion of the indigenous coffee industry, the politics of sense of belonging is embodied by spatial mobility and social mobility. We shouldn’t think mobility and sense of belonging as two opposite or contradictory concepts. Through their intertwining, I argue that sense of belonging should be understood as the struggle of home-making with the coffee industry serving as an intermediary.