論國際環境法上越境污染造成損害之國家賠償責任

Abstract

本論文旨在探討國際環境法上「越境損害賠償責任制度」之安排與發展趨勢，透過國際上有關越境賠償責任制度安排（包括核子損害賠償、危險廢棄物越境損害賠償責任等越境轉移所造成損害的賠償責任，以及補救方面的國際規則和程序的決定），融入國家賠償責任（state liability）之發展與趨勢，並與傳統國際法上國家責任（state responsibility）制度相互釐清。 由於傳統國際法上國家責任制度所規範的客體是國際不法行為，即只有國際不法行為的存在才能構成國家責任。但在國際環境法上，一方面在其境內或控制區域內從事各種活動，或者開發利用資源之行為是在公有物或人類共同繼承財產上之活動，由於屬於主權範圍及主權行為內的事，或者國際法並沒有且不可能加以禁止，但另一方面這些行為可能或必然造成越境環境污染，而對大自然生態、另一主權國家與人民之權益造成損害，如果造成了損害，但卻因非不法行為而不承擔任何責任，則傳統國家責任制度有失公允，此為本論文欲探討之問題。 論文將採文獻分析法、歷史解釋法、法律解釋法及比較法等研究方法，就因越境環境污染損害之國家賠償責任制度相關之國際立法與案例，以及在立法過程中會議紀錄與結論、聯合國「國際法委員會」及其他有關損害賠償責任制度的國際條約或國內立法等進行討論。本論文盼填補國內對越境污染造成損害之國家賠償責任制度研究能量仍不足之憾，並結合當今世界情勢和國際法發展之動態，提出「法律應當是什麼」之見解。

This thesis will focus on the arrangements and trends of international environmental law by the “liability regime for trans-boundary damage.' Through the discussion of international liability system for the trans-boundary arrangements, including compensation for nuclear damage, liability from trans-boundary hazardous waste and other trans-boundary movements of damage liability and redress in international rules, procedures and judicial decision, we find that the compensation system including state liability is more complete than state responsibility in traditional international law.The objective of state responsibility is the international wrongful act. But sometimes trans-boundary pollution without wrongful act causes other state damge. It’s unfair if the damage is done, the polluter or the state of polluter’s nationality doesn’t take any responsibility based on traditional international law because of its lawful acts. This thesis will be conducted by document analysis, historical interpretation, legal interpretation and comparative law methodology, trans-boundary environmental pollution due to damage on the regime of state liability related to international legislations and cases, and minutes of meetings in the legislative process, conclusions of the International Law Commission (UN) and other related studies. This thesis hopes to fill some research gap on the state liability caused by trans-boundary pollution. Combining with the latest development of international law, the conclusion will offer some comments about what the law ought to be.