北宋中後期的文臣統兵：以陝西沿邊五路經略安撫使為例(1038~1100)

Abstract

本論文討論的主題為北宋中後期的文臣統兵。研究的斷限，始於元昊侵宋的宋夏戰爭(1038~1045)期間，終於宋哲宗(r.1085~1100)一朝。本論文所謂的「統兵」指涉的內容十分廣泛，包括管理軍隊、處理邊防軍務，以及指揮軍隊作戰。本文以陝西地區的經略安撫使為例，討論文臣統兵這個議題，以及這些「統兵文臣」。 論文第一章是緒論，檢討過去學界對此一議題的研究以及說明本文的研究方法。 第二章討論提倡文臣統兵的論述。第三章以陝西地區為例，討論北宋軍隊武力的使用規則，這些使用武力的規則突顯出安撫使的重責大任。第四章討論統兵文臣與軍隊的關係，他們處理邊務的方針與作為有別於武臣之處，以及他們在戰爭中所扮演的角色。第五章討論統兵文臣的任官經歷以及他們對軍務與文臣關係的理解。第六章是結論，反思前文各種資料之外所隱藏的意義。附錄則分析宋代語彙中的「儒將」。 本文認為，宋代安撫使體制「以文馭武」的原則，使某些士人「文臣統兵」的理想得以實現。正因為「文臣統兵」在宋代成為現實，使「儒將」此一詞彙在宋代出現的頻率遠多於前代。 本論文希望藉由這些課題的討論，豐富我們對宋代政治史、軍事史以及士人文化的了解。

This thesis aims to demonstrate and analyze the phenomenon that the Song civil officials, who were considered by modern historians not to be acquainted with military issues, commanding troops from the first Song-Tangut war (1038~1045) to the end of the Zhezong reign(1085~1100). The concept of “ commanding troops” in this thesis refers to widespread contents, including managing armies, dealing with military enterprise in the frontier region, and mobilizing armies to fight against enemies. In this thesis, I focus on the civil officials as frontier military intendant (“civil military intendants”) in Shaan-xi circuit for researching examples. Chapter One represents as an introduction, covering the estimation of precedent research works and methodological concerns of this thesis. Chapter Two presents the discourses advocators utilize to promote “civil officials commanding troops”. Chapter Three takes Shaan-xi circuit as examples, discussing the exercising rules of military forces in Song military defense system, which enable a “civil military intendant” in defense area to take authority and responsibilities to keep regional stability. Chapter Four analyzes the relations between “civil military intendants” and soldiers, the guiding principles “civil military intendants” take, their acts different from military intendants, and their military activities in war. Chapter Five illustrates the working experience “civil military intendants” undergo in bureaucratic system and their interpretations of civil officials engaging in military affairs. The final chapter serves as a conclusion, examining the hidden meaning beyond materials above. The appendix analyzes the phrase “confucian general” in Song sources. The main point of this thesis is that the principle of “civil officials dominating military officials” in Song frontier defense system realizes some scholar-officials’ ideal of “civil officials commanding troops”. Because of the fact of “civil officials commanding troops” in Song frontier defense system, the phrase “confucian general” was more prevailing in Song China than before. Through studying the issue of civil officials commanding troops, I hope this thesis to improve our understanding on political history, military history, and literati culture in Sung China.