王弼聖人觀中的語言向度

Abstract

本文旨於研究王弼聖人觀於語言向度的哲學問題，探討語言如何作為聖人體悟天道並實踐於世界的重要媒介。論及王弼聖人觀，當前學界多由本體論的詮釋向度出發，強調聖人因契悟萬物本真而卓越於常人，且其應對萬物之際，能保持不受外物束縛的狀態。 然本文將強調，王弼所論之聖人，非僅指超離於現實之「體無」，而是身處於「有」的世界之中的理想存在。聖人既能體悟形上無名無形之「無」，同時又透過人際乃至君民之間的互動，將之落實為人間生活的行動、倫理與政治實踐。故而，至道的踐行，必然離不開語言，則語言向度亦是理解王弼聖人思想的重要切入點。將語言作為哲學問題，為聖人理論連結形上與形下層面，如此既體現其圓融無礙之人格，也呈現其德行、倫理與政治實踐的典範價值。 為詳加說明聖人和語言之間的關聯，本文將先梳理中國古代相關思想背景，自先秦迄至兩漢，以觀聖人語言觀的形成與轉折；繼而析論曹魏正始時代王弼的現存著述，論證聖人和語言作為論題的可研究性，以此言王弼之注述，可見其聖人並非拒絕語言，而是在「有／無」之結構中視為「有無相即」之存在，語言因此構成聖人應物行事之必要媒介；最終闡釋聖人如何立足於現實世界，兼具天道轉譯者、君王統御者與德行典範者之身分，藉由語言認識世界、傳達真理、建構秩序，以構築理想政治之實踐。由是為本文的研究架構。

This thesis examines the philosophical issues concerning linguistic dimension of Wang Bi's interpretation of the sage, exploring how language mediates the sage's comprehension of the Dao. Existing studies of Wang Bi's interpretation of the sage have primarily adopted an ontological perspective portraying the sage as transcending ordinary existence and remaining unattached to external conditions. This thesis, however, proposes a different emphasis. Wang Bi's sage should not be understood merely as a transcendent embodiment of Wu, but an ideal figure situated within the world of You, realizing and actualizing the nameless and formless Wu through ethical, social, and political practice. Accordingly, language is indispensable to the realization of the Dao and provides a crucial perspective for understanding Wang Bi's conception of the sage. By connecting metaphysical insight with practical engagement in the world, language reveals the sage not only as one who apprehends the Dao but also as a moral and political exemplar. To clarify the relationship between the sage and language, this thesis first traces the development of relevant ideas from the pre-Qin to the Han period, and then examines Wang Bi's extant writings. It argues that, rather than rejecting language, Wang Bi regards it as a necessary medium through which the sage engages the world within the framework of Wu/You. As an interpreter of the Dao, a ruler, and a model of virtue, the sage employs language to communicate truth, establish order, and realize ideal governance.