夏目漱石『こころ』における「家制度」の解体と明治知識人の自己探求

Abstract

明治時代是日本邁向急速現代化之變革期。在此時代背景下，傳統倫理觀與近現代價值觀之對立日益白熱化。源於日本傳統倫理的「家制度」通過明治時代的法律（明治民法、太政官布告）滲透於社會各階層，對當時的個體與社會產生了深遠的影響。 本論文立足於明治三十年左右流行的「家庭小說」風潮，以夏目漱石筆下的小說《心》中登場的明治時代的知識分子「先生」與「Ｋ」為研究中心，導入社會學和法學的「家制度」之概念，分析兩者在故鄉的原生家庭形象，以及在東京與「夫人」和「小姐」共同形成的「疑似家庭」的家庭形象，進而探討「家制度」對明治時代的知識分子的自我探求和心理矛盾的影響。 本論文分為四章進行論述：第一章以「家制度」的視角分析「先生」的「原生家庭」形象及其叔父擔任「後見人」後的家庭形象。透過叔父違背後見人義務、侵佔家產進而導致「原生家庭」解體之歷程，呈現「先生」背離故鄉和陷入「人間不信」之精神軌跡，反映出其在「家制度」的倫理中被動生存之孤獨處境；第二章以「家制度」的視角探討「Ｋ」作為次男與養子的身分，以及兩個家庭對「Ｋ」的性格和行為的影響，論述「Ｋ」對「精進」精神的追求與擺脫「家制度」束縛之間的矛盾；第三章著重於「先生」、「夫人」、「小姐」三者構建的「疑似家庭」關係之歷程，探討「先生」作為「候補戶主」被「疑似家庭」接納的過程中，所展現的心態好轉和內在不安的雙重矛盾心理；第四章論證「Ｋ」的介入如何導致原本安定的「疑似家庭」的崩壞，並將「先生」與「Ｋ」圍繞「小姐」的戀愛競爭，置於「家制度」的框架下的家庭地位爭奪關係，進而揭示基於「家制度」的「家族國家秩序」與「明治精神」的終結之間的象徵意義。 綜上所述，本論文將《心》重新定位為「制度的文學化」，結合社會學和法學之跨領域內容，通過分析夏目漱石的《心》中的「先生」和「Ｋ」的家庭形象與行動邏輯，揭示了明治時代的知識分子在「家制度」的制度性束縛與個人的自我主體性的追求之間的相剋關係。同時為以明治時代為背景的文學中關於「家制度」的相關研究，提出了新的跨領域研究視角。

The Meiji era was a transformative period marked by Japan’s rapid modernization. Against this historical backdrop, the conflict between traditional ethical values and modern perspectives intensified significantly. The "Ie-System" (Japanese family system), rooted in traditional Japanese ethics, permeated all strata of society through Meiji-era legislation (Meiji Civil Code and Dajokan Proclamations), exerting a profound influence on individuals. Centered on the "Family Novel" trend of the 30th year of the Meiji era, this thesis focuses on the intellectuals "Sensei" and "K" in Natsume Soseki’s Kokoro. By incorporating sociological and legal concepts of the "Ie-System," the study analyzes the connection between their original family images in their hometowns and the "Pseudo-Family" images formed in Tokyo. Furthermore, it explores how these familial constructs constrained the self-exploration and psychological conflicts of Meiji intellectuals. The thesis is structured into four chapters: Chapter 1 focuses on analyzing Sensei’s original family and the familial structure after his uncle assumed the role of "Legal Guardian" (kouken-nin). By examining the uncle's breach of duty and the subsequent embezzlement leading to the deconstruction of the "original family," this chapter illustrates Sensei’s mental trajectory into "distrust of humanity" after leaving his hometown, revealing his solitary existence of passive survival within "Ie-System." Chapter 2 focuses on Examining K's marginal status as a second son and an adoptee through the "Ie-System." It discusses the influence of these two families on K's character and behavior, elaborating on the irreconcilable contradiction between his pursuit of spiritual "Vīrya" (Shōjin) and the constraints of the "Ie-System." Chapter 3 focuses on the formation of the "Pseudo-Family" among Sensei, Okusan, and Ojōsan. It explores the psychological relief and underlying anxiety displayed by Sensei as he is accepted into this structure as a "Prospective Head of Family." Chapter 4 focuses on demonstrating how K’s intervention triggered the collapse of the initially stable "Pseudo-Family." It reinterprets the romantic rivalry over Ojōsan as a struggle for family status within the framework of the "Ie-System," further revealing the symbolic significance of the deconstruction of the "Family-State Order" and the end of “the spirit of the Meiji era.” To conclude, this study repositions Kokoro as "the institutionalization of literature," revealing the conflict between institutional shackles and the pursuit of self-subjectivity among Meiji intellectuals from an interdisciplinary foundation of sociology and law. It offers a new academic perspective on the relevance of the "Ie-System" in Meiji literary studies.