請用此 Handle URI 來引用此文件：
http://tdr.lib.ntu.edu.tw/jspui/handle/123456789/101507完整後設資料紀錄
| DC 欄位 | 值 | 語言 |
|---|---|---|
| dc.contributor.advisor | 丁宗蘇 | zh_TW |
| dc.contributor.advisor | Tzung-Su Ding | en |
| dc.contributor.author | 傅淑瑋 | zh_TW |
| dc.contributor.author | Shu-Wei Fu | en |
| dc.date.accessioned | 2026-02-04T16:20:24Z | - |
| dc.date.available | 2026-02-05 | - |
| dc.date.copyright | 2026-02-04 | - |
| dc.date.issued | 2026 | - |
| dc.date.submitted | 2026-01-29 | - |
| dc.identifier.citation | 江允中 (2016)。應用次世代定序分析褐河烏(Cinclus pallasii) 糞便殘存DNA探討其食性。〔碩士論文〕。國立中興大學昆蟲學研究所。臺中，臺灣。
張義榮 (2010)。溪南山中海拔森林鳥類非繁殖季混群結構與覓食生態。〔碩士論文〕。國立臺南大學環境生態研究所。臺南，臺灣。 許偉斌、陳慈愔、黃冠中、游政翰 (2019)。濕地明智利用之評估─以關渡平原水田濕地為例。國家公園學報，29(2)，28-39。 黃馨儀 (2013)。鷸?類岸鳥在魚塭環境的群棲地選擇與偏好。〔碩士論文〕。國立臺灣大學生態學與演化生物學研究所。臺北，臺灣。 楊孟翰 (2018)。交通設施對臺北市都市化區域三種外來椋鳥分布的影響。〔碩士論文〕。國立臺灣大學生態學與演化生物學研究所。臺北，臺灣。 葛兆年、李培芬、邱祈榮 (2008)。破碎棲地之面積、孤離度與棲地異質度對都市地景之鳥類群聚組成之影響-以台北市公園綠地為例。都市與計畫， 35(2)，141-154。 廖俊傑 (2015)。臺灣高海拔混種鳥群之組成結構與環境因子的關係。〔碩士論文〕。國立臺灣大學森林環境暨資源學研究所。臺北，臺灣。 臺北市國土分區劃設說明書 (2021)。臺北市政府。 劉小如、丁宗蘇、方偉宏、林文宏、蔡牧起、顏重威。(2012)。臺灣鳥類誌(第二版)。農業委員會林務局。 歐保羅、張萬福 (1988)。玉山國家公園藍腹鷴自然史調查研究。玉山國家公園管理處。 Akay, A. E., O?uz, H., Karas, I. R., & Aruga, K. (2009). Using LiDAR technology in forestry activities. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 151(1), 117-125. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-008-0254-1 Alstrom, P., Saitoh, T., Williams, D., Nishiumi, I., Shigeta, Y., Ueda, K., Irestedt, M., Bjorklund, M., & Olsson, U. (2011). The Arctic Warbler Phylloscopus borealis– three anciently separated cryptic species revealed. Ibis, 153(2), 395-410. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1474-919X.2011.01116.x Andersson, M. B. (1994). Sexual selection. Princeton University Press. Arevalo, C., Amaya-Espinel, J. D., Henriquez, C., Ibarra, J. T., & Bonacic, C. (2022). Urban noise and surrounding city morphology influence green space occupancy by native birds in a Mediterranean-type South American metropolis. Scientific Reports, 12(1), 4471. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-08654-7 Aronson, M. F. J., La Sorte, F. A., Nilon, C. H., Katti, M., Goddard, M. A., Lepczyk, C. A., Warren, P. S., Williams, N. S. G., Cilliers, S., Clarkson, B., Dobbs, C., Dolan, R., Hedblom, M., Klotz, S., Kooijmans, J. L., Kuhn, I., MacGregor-Fors, I., McDonnell, M., Mortberg, U., . . . Winter, M. (2014). A global analysis of the impacts of urbanization on bird and plant diversity reveals key anthropogenic drivers. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 281(1780), 20133330. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2013.3330 Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. (2005). Ecosystems and Human Well-Being: synthesis. Island Press. Barnagaud, J. Y., Kissling, W. D., Sandel, B., Eiserhardt, W. L., ?ekercio?lu, C. H., Enquist, B. J., Tsirogiannis, C., & Svenning, J. C. (2014). Ecological traits influence the phylogenetic structure of bird species co-occurrences worldwide. Ecology Letters, 17(7), 811-820. https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.12285 Baselga, A. (2010). Partitioning the turnover and nestedness components of beta diversity. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 19(1), 134-143. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1466-8238.2009.00490.x Baselga, A., & Orme, C. D. L. (2012). betapart: An R package for the study of beta diversity. Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 3(5), 808-812. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2041-210X.2012.00224.x Baselga, A., Jimenez-Valverde, A., & Niccolini, G. (2007). A multiple-site similarity measure independent of richness. Biology Letters, 3(6), 642-645. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2007.0449 Batary, P., Baldi, A., Ekroos, J., Galle, R., Grass, I., & Tscharntke, T. (2020). Biologia Futura: landscape perspectives on farmland biodiversity conservation. Biologia Futura, 71(1), 9-18. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42977-020-00015-7 Bebber, D. P., Marriott, F. H. C., Gaston, K. J., Harris, S. A., & Scotland, R. W. (2007). Predicting unknown species numbers using discovery curves. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences, 274, 1651-1658. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2007.0464 Bello, C., Galetti, M., Montan, D., Pizo, M. A., Mariguela, T. C., Culot, L., Bufalo, F., Labecca, F., Pedrosa, F., Constantini, R., Emer, C., Silva, W. R., da Silva, F. R., Ovaskainen, O., & Jordano, P. (2017). Atlantic frugivory: a plant–frugivore interaction data set for the Atlantic Forest. Ecology, 98(6), 1729-1729. https://doi.org/10.1002/ecy.1818 Benjamini, Y., & Hochberg, Y. (1995). Controlling the false discovery rate: A practical and powerful approach to multiple testing. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series B (Methodological), 57(1), 289-300. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2346101 Berryman, A. J., & Kirwan, G. M. (2021). Is the Tiny Hawk (Accipiter superciliosus) really a specialized predator on hummingbirds? Using citizen science data to elucidate dietary preferences of a little-known Neotropical raptor. Journal of Raptor Research, 55(2), 276-280. https://doi.org/10.3356/0892-1016-55.2.276 Billerman, S. M., Keeney, B. K., Rodewald, P. G., & Schulenberg, T. S. (2022). Birds of the World. https://doi.org/https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/home Bivand, R. S., Pebesma, E., & Gomez-Rubio, V. (2013). Applied spatial data analysis with R (2nd ed.). Springer. Blackburn, T. M., Py?ek, P., Bacher, S., Carlton, J. T., Duncan, R. P., Jaro?ik, V., Wilson, J. R. U., & Richardson, D. M. (2011). A proposed unified framework for biological invasions. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 26(7), 333-339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2011.03.023 Bouckaert, R., Heled, J., Kuhnert, D., Vaughan, T., Wu, C. H., Xie, D., Suchard, M. A., Rambaut, A., & Drummond, A. J. (2014). BEAST 2: A software platform for Bayesian evolutionary analysis. PLoS Computational Biology, 10(4), e1003537. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003537 Brown, J. L. (1969). Territorial behavior and population regulation in birds: a review and re-evaluation. The Wilson Bulletin, 81(3), 293-329. http://www.jstor.org/stable/4159863 Bryant, J. A., Lamanna, C., Morlon, H., Kerkhoff, A. J., Enquist, B. J., & Green, J. L. (2008). Microbes on mountainsides: Contrasting elevational patterns of bacterial and plant diversity. The Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 105(supplement_1), 11505-11511. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0801920105 Burghardt, K. T., Tallamy, D. W., & Shriver, W. G. (2009). Impact of Native Plants on Bird and Butterfly Biodiversity in Suburban Landscapes. Conservation Biology, 23(1), 219-224. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2008.01076.x Cadotte, M. W., Carscadden, K. A., & Mirotchnick, N. (2011). Beyond species: functional diversity and the maintenance of ecological processes and services. Journal of Applied Ecology 48, 1079-1087. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2664.2011.02048.x Cadotte, M. W., Yasui, S. L. E., Livingstone, S., & MacIvor, J. S. (2017). Are urban systems beneficial, detrimental, or indifferent for biological invasion? Biological Invasions, 19(12), 3489-3503. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-017-1586-y Callaghan, C. T., Bino, G., Major, R. E., Martin, J. M., Lyons, M. B., & Kingsford, R. T. (2019). Heterogeneous urban green areas are bird diversity hotspots: insights using continental-scale citizen science data. Landscape Ecology, 34(6), 1231-1246. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-019-00851-6 Callaghan, C. T., Major, R. E., Wilshire, J. H., Martin, J. M., Kingsford, R. T., & Cornwell, W. K. (2019). Generalists are the most urban-tolerant of birds: a phylogenetically controlled analysis of ecological and life history traits using a novel continuous measure of bird responses to urbanization. Oikos, 128(6), 845-858. https://doi.org/10.1111/oik.06158 Cannon, P. G., Gilroy, J. J., Tobias, J. A., Anderson, A., Haugaasen, T., & Edwards, D. P. (2019). Land-sparing agriculture sustains higher levels of avian functional diversity than land sharing. Global Change Biology, 25(5), 1576-1590. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14601 Carlsson, N. O., Sarnelle, O., & Strayer, D. L. (2009). Native predators and exotic prey - an acquired taste? Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 7(10), 525-532. 10.1890/080093 Carvalho, J. C., Malumbres-Olarte, J., Arnedo, M. A., Crespo, L. C., Domenech, M., & Cardoso, P. (2020). Taxonomic divergence and functional convergence in Iberian spider forest communities: Insights from beta diversity partitioning. Journal of Biogeography, 47, 288-300. https://doi.org/10.1111/jbi.13722 Chang, C.-R., Chien, H.-F., Shiu, H.-J., Ko, C.-J., & Lee, P.-F. (2017). Multiscale heterogeneity within and beyond Taipei city greenspaces and their relationship with avian biodiversity. Landscape and Urban Planning, 157, 138-150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2016.05.028 Chang, H.Y., & Lee, Y.F. (2016). Effects of area size, heterogeneity, isolation, and disturbances on urban park avifauna in a highly populated tropical city. Urban Ecosystems, 19(1), 257-274. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11252-015-0481-5 Chen, R.Q., & Cheng, S.T. (2022). Detecting nestedness in city parks for urban biodiversity conservation. Urban Ecosystems, 25(6), 1839-1850. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11252-022-01272-1 Chin, A. T. M., Ruppert, J. L. W., Shrestha, N., & Fortin, M.J. (2022). Urban avian conservation planning using species functional traits and habitat suitability mapping. Land, 11(10), 1831. https://www.mdpi.com/2073-445X/11/10/1831 Chiu, M. C., Kuo, M. H., Tzeng, C. S., Yang, C. H., Chen, C. C., & Sun, Y. H. (2009). Prey selection by breeding Brown Dippers Cinclus pallasii in a Taiwanese mountain stream. Zoological Research, 48(6), 761-768. Cianciaruso, M. V. (2011). Beyond taxonomical space: Large?scale ecology meets functional and phylogenetic diversity. Frontiers of Biogeography, 3(3), 87-90. https://doi.org/10.21425/F5FBG12ck6 Coogan, S. C. P., Raubenheimer, D., Zantis, S. P., & Machovsky-Capuska, G. E. (2018). Multidimensional nutritional ecology and urban birds. Ecosphere, 9(4), e02177. https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.2177 Corbelli, J. M., Zurita, G. A., Filloy, J., Galvis, J. P., Vespa, N. I., & Bellocq, I. (2015). Integrating taxonomic, functional and phylogenetic beta diversities: Interactive effects with the biome and land use across taxa. PLoS One, 10(5), e0126854. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0126854 Daily, G. C. (1997). Nature's services: societal dependence on natural ecosystems. Island Press. Dambros, C. S., Morais, J. W., Azevedo, R. A., & Gotelli, N. J. (2017). Isolation by distance, not rivers, control the distribution of termite species in the Amazonian rain forest. Ecography, 40(10), 1242-1250. https://doi.org/10.1111/ecog.02663 Danchin, E., & Wagner, R. H. (1997). The evolution of coloniality: the emergence of new perspectives. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 12(9), 342-347. Davis, R. A., Gole, C., & Roberts, J. D. (2013). Impacts of urbanisation on the native avifauna of Perth, Western Australia. Urban Ecosystems, 16(3), 427-452. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11252-012-0275-y de Bello, F., Botta-Dukat, Z., Lep?, J., & Fibich, P. (2021). Towards a more balanced combination of multiple traits when computing functional differences between species. Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 12, 443-448. https://doi.org/10.1111/2041-210X.13537 de Bello, F., Lavorel, S., Diaz, S., Harrington, R., Cornelissen, J. H. C., Bardgett, R. D., Berg, M. P., Cipriotti, P., Feld, C. K., Hering, D., de Silva, P. M., Potts, S. G., Sandin, L., Sousa, J. P., Storkey, J., Wardle, D. A., & Harrison, P. A. (2010). Towards an assessment of multiple ecosystem processes and services via functional traits. Biodiversity and Conservation, 19(10), 2873-2893. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-010-9850-9 de Zwaan, D. R., Scridel, D., Altamirano, T. A., Gokhale, P., Kumar, R. S., Sevillano-Rios, S., Barras, A. G., Arredondo-Amezcua, L., Asefa, A., Carrillo, R. A., Green, K., Gutierrez-Chavez, C. A., Lehikoinen, A., Li, S., Lin, R.-S., Norment, C. J., Oswald, K. N., Romanov, A. A., Salvador, J., . . . Martin, K. (2022). GABB: A global dataset of alpine breeding birds and their ecological traits. Scientific Data, 9, 627. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-022-01723-6 del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A., Sargatal, J., Christie, D. A., & Kirwan, G. (2019). Handbook of the birds of the world alive. Lynz Edicions. Ding, T. S., Juan, C. S., Lin, R. S., Tsai, Y. J., Wu, J. L., Wu, J., & Yang, Y. H. (2023). In The 2023 CWBF checklist of the birds of Taiwan. Chinese Wild Bird Federation. Ding, Z., Liang, J., Yang, L., Wei, C., Hu, H., & Si, X. (2024). Deterministic processes drive turnover-dominated beta diversity of breeding birds along the central Himalayan elevation gradient. Avian Research, 15, 100170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avrs.2024.100170 Dobbs, C., Nitschke, C., & Kendal, D. (2017). Assessing the drivers shaping global patterns of urban vegetation landscape structure. Science of The Total Environment, 592, 171-177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.03.058 Donati, G. F. A., Bolliger, J., Psomas, A., Maurer, M., & Bach, P. M. (2022). Reconciling cities with nature: Identifying local Blue-Green Infrastructure interventions for regional biodiversity enhancement. Journal of Environmental Management, 316, 115254. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.115254 Dong, K., Li, Y., Li, D., Hu, W., & Xu, G. (2023). Effects of environmental factors on avian communities in urban parks in small- to medium-sized city: A case study of Fuyang City, Anhui, China. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 195(11), 1347. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-023-11973-5 Dormann, C. F., Elith, J., Bacher, S., Buchmann, C., Carl, G., Carre, G., Marquez, J. R. G., Gruber, B., Lafourcade, B., Leitao, P. J., Munkemuller, T., McClean, C., Osborne, P. E., Reineking, B., Schroder, B., Skidmore, A. K., Zurell, D., & Lautenbach, S. (2013). Collinearity: a review of methods to deal with it and a simulation study evaluating their performance. Ecography, 36(1), 27-46. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0587.2012.07348.x Dray, S., & Dufour, A. B. (2007). The ade4 package: implementing the duality diagram for ecologists. Journal of Statistical Software, 22(4), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v022.i04 Dray, S., & Legendre, P. (2008). Testing the species traits-environment relationships: the fourth-corner problem revisited. Ecology, 89(12), 3400-3412. https://doi.org/10.1890/08-0349.1 Dray, S., Choler, P., Doledec, S., Peres-Neto, P. R., Thuiller, W., Pavoine, S., & ter Braak, C. J. (2014). Combining the fourth-corner and the RLQ methods for assessing trait responses to environmental variation. Ecology, 95(1), 14-21. https://doi.org/10.1890/13-0196.1 Dri, G. F., Fontana, C. S., & de Sales Dambros, C. (2024). Suburban forest patches have high functional and phylogenetic diversity in bird communities. Urban Ecosystems, 27(2), 349-358. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11252-023-01455-4 Du, Y., Fan, L., Xu, Z., Wen, Z., Cai, T., Feijo, A., Hu, J., Lei, F., Yang, Q., & Qiao, H. (2021). A multi-faceted comparative perspective on elevational beta-diversity: the patterns and their causes. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences, 288(1949), 20210343. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2021.0343 Ducatez, S., Clavel, J., & Lefebvre, L. (2015). Ecological generalism and behavioural innovation in birds: technical intelligence or the simple incorporation of new foods? Journal of Animal Ecology, 84(1), 79-89. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2656.12255 Dunn, P. O., Whittingham, L. A., & Pitcher, T. E. (2001). Mating systems, sperm competition, and the evolution of sexual dimorphism in birds. Evolution, 55(1), 161-175. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0014-3820.2001.tb01281.x Dyer, E. E., Cassey, P., Redding, D. W., Collen, B., Franks, V., Gaston, K. J., Jones, K. E., Kark, S., Orme, C. D. L., & Blackburn, T. M. (2017). The global distribution and drivers of alien bird species richness. PLoS Biology, 15(1), e2000942. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.2000942 eBird. (2023). eBird: An online database of bird distribution and abundance [web application]. eBird, Cornell Lab of Ornithology. Available: http://www.ebird.org Etard, A., Morrill, S., & Newbold, T. (2020). Global gaps in trait data for terrestrial vertebrates. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 29, 2143-2158. https://doi.org/10.1111/geb.13184 Evans, K. L., Newson, S. E., & Gaston, K. J. (2009). Habitat influences on urban avian assemblages. Ibis, 151(1), 19-39. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1474-919X.2008.00898.x Faeth, S. H., Bang, C., & Saari, S. (2011). Urban biodiversity: Patterns and mechanisms. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1223, 69-81. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05925.x Faith, D. P. (1992). Conservation evaluation and phylogenetic diversity. Biological Conservation, 61(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-3207(92)91201-3 Faith, D. P., Lozupone, C. A., Nipperess, D., & Knight, R. (2009). The cladistic basis for the phylogenetic diversity (PD) measure links evolutionary features to environmental gradients and supports broad applications of microbial ecology's "phylogenetic β-diversity" framework. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 10(11), 4723-4741. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms10114723 Ferenc, M., Sedla?ek, O., Fuchs, R., Dinetti, M., Fraissinet, M., & Storch, D. (2014). Are cities different? Patterns of species richness and beta diversity of urban bird communities and regional species assemblages in Europe. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 23(4), 479-489. https://doi.org/10.1111/geb.12130 Ferrier, S., Manion, G., Elith, J., & Richardson, K. (2007). Using generalized dissimilarity modelling to analyse and predict patterns of beta diversity in regional biodiversity assessment. Diversity and Distributions, 13(3), 252-264. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1472-4642.2007.00341.x Fitzpatrick, M. C., Sanders, N. J., Normand, S., Svenning, J. C., Ferrier, S., Gove, A. D., & Dunn, R. R. (2013). Environmental and historical imprints on beta diversity: Insights from variation in rates of species turnover along gradients. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences, 280(1768), 20131201. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2013.1201 Fitzpatrick, M., Mokany, K., Manion, G., Nieto-Lugilde, D., & Ferrier, S. (2022). gdm: generalized dissimilarity modeling. R package version 1.5.0-9.1. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/geb.13459 Fontana, V., Guariento, E., Hilpold, A., Niedrist, G., Steinwandter, M., Spitale, D., Nascimbene, J., Tappeiner, U., & Seeber, J. (2020). Species richness and beta diversity patterns of multiple taxa along an elevational gradient in pastured grasslands in the European Alps. Scientific Reports, 10(1), 12516. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-69569-9 Forman, R. T. T. (2014). Urban ecology: Science of cities. Cambridge University Press. Fraser, L. H. (2019). TRY-A plant trait database of databases. Global Change Biology, 26(1), 189-190. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14869 Gaetan, C., & Guyon, X. (2010). Spatial statistics and modeling. Springer. Galbraith, J. A., Beggs, J. R., Jones, D. N., & Stanley, M. C. (2015). Supplementary feeding restructures urban bird communities. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 112(20), E2648-E2657. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1501489112 Garcia-Navas, V., Sattler, T., Schmid, H., & Ozgul, A. (2020). Temporal homogenization of functional and beta diversity in bird communities of the Swiss Alps. Diversity and Distributions, 26(8), 900-911. https://doi.org/10.1111/ddi.13076 Gaston, K. J., & Blackburn, T. M. (2000). Pattern and process in macroecology. Blackwell Science. GBIF, S. (2023). GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. https://doi.org/10.15468/39omei Geslin, B., Le Feon, V., Folschweiller, M., Flacher, F., Carmignac, D., Motard, E., Perret, S., & Dajoz, I. (2016). The proportion of impervious surfaces at the landscape scale structures wild bee assemblages in a densely populated region. Ecology and Evolution, 6(18), 6599-6615. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.2374 Geslin, B., Le Feon, V., Folschweiller, M., Flacher, F., Carmignac, D., Motard, E., Perret, S., & Dajoz, I. (2016). The proportion of impervious surfaces at the landscape scale structures wild bee assemblages in a densely populated region. Ecology and Evolution, 6(18), 6599-6615. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.2374 Gill, F. B. (2007). Social behavior. In Ornithology (3rd ed., pp. 307-329). W.H. Freeman and Company. Goswami, M., Bhattacharyya, P., Mukherjee, I., & Tribedi, P. (2017). Functional diversity: An important measure of ecosystem functioning. Advances in Microbiology, 7(1), 12. https://doi.org/10.4236/aim.2017.71007 Graham, C. H., & Fine, P. V. A. (2008). Phylogenetic beta diversity: Linking ecological and evolutionary processes across space in time. Ecology Letters, 11(12), 1265-1277. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2008.01256.x Green SJ, B. C., & Hardy NA, C. L. (2022). Trait-based approaches to global change ecology: Moving from description to prediction. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 289, 20220071. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2022.0071 Harvey, P. H., & Pagel, M. D. (1991). The comparative method in evolutionary biology. Oxford University Press. Hastedt, A., & Tietze, D. T. (2023). The importance of unsealed areas in the urban core and periphery for bird diversity in a large central european city. Urban Ecosystems, 26(4), 1015-1028. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11252-023-01361-9 Hazra, A., & Gogtay, N. (2016). Biostatistics series module 6: Correlation and linear regression. Indian Journal of Dermatology, 61, 593. https://doi.org/10.4103/0019-5154.193662 Hill, M. O., & Smith, A. J. E. (1976). Principal component analysis of taxonomic data with multi-state discrete characters. Taxon, 25(2/3), 249–255. https://doi.org/10.2307/1219449 Hollander, M., & Wolfe, D. A. (1973). Nonparametric statistical methods. John Wiley & Sons. Hsiao, M. C., & Li, C. (2015). A Field Guide to the Birds of Taiwan (2nd ed.). Forest Bureau, Council of Agriculture, Wild Bird Society Of Taipei. Huang, S. L., & Chiu, H. W. (2020). Peri-urbanization, land teleconnections, and the equality of ecological exchange: An emergy approach. Landscape and Urban Planning, 198, 103781. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2020.103781 Huang, Y., Zhao, Y., Li, S., & von Gadow, K. (2015). The Effects of habitat area, vegetation structure and insect richness on breeding bird populations in Beijing urban parks. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 14(4), 1027-1039. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2015.09.010 Ikin, K., Knight, E., Lindenmayer, D. B., Fischer, J., & Manning, A. D. (2012). Linking bird species traits to vegetation characteristics in a future urban development zone: implications for urban planning. Urban Ecosystems, 15(4), 961-977. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11252-012-0247-2 Inostroza, L., Zepp, H., Pickett, S., & de Groot, R. (2020). Ecosystem Function. In Leal Filho, W., Azul, A. M., Brandli, L., Lange Salvia, A., & Wall, T. (Eds.), Life on Land (pp. 1-8). Springer International Publishing. Irwin, E. G., & Bockstael, N. E. (2007). The evolution of urban sprawl: Evidence of spatial heterogeneity and increasing land fragmentation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 104(52), 20672-20677. doi:10.1073/pnas.0705527105 IUCN. (2022). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2022-2. https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/habitat-classification-scheme Jarzyna, M. A., & Jetz, W. (2016). Detecting the multiple facets of biodiversity. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 31(7), 527-538. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2016.04.002 Jetz, W., Thomas, G. H., Joy, J. B., Hartmann, K., & Mooers, A. O. (2012). The global diversity of birds in space and time. Nature, 491, 444-448. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature11631. Jones, D. N., & Reynolds, S. J. (2008). Feeding birds in our towns and cities: A global research opportunity. Journal of Avian Biology, 39(3), 265-271. http://www.jstor.org/stable/30244439 Jones, K. E., Bielby, J., Cardillo, M., Fritz, S. A., O'Dell, J., & Orme, C. D. L. (2009). PanTHERIA: A species-level database of life history, ecology, and geography of extant and recently extinct mammals. Ecology, 90, 2648. Katayama, N., Amano, T., Naoe, S., Yamakita, T., Komatsu, I., Takagawa, S. I., Sato, N., Ueta, M., & Miyashita, T. (2014). Landscape heterogeneity-biodiversity relationship: Effect of range size. PLoS One, 9(3), e93359. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0093359 Kattge, J., Bonisch, G., Diaz, S., Lavorel, S., Prentice, I. C., Leadley, P., Tautenhahn S, W. G., Aakala T, Abedi M, Acosta ATR, Adamidis GC, Adamson K, Aiba M, Albert CH, Alcantara JM, Alcazar C C, Aleixo I, Ali H, Amiaud B, …, Wirth C. (2020). TRY plant trait database - Enhanced coverage and open access. Global Change Biology, 26(1), 119-188. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14904 Kattge, J., Diaz, S., Lavorel, S., Prentice, C., Leadley, P., Boenisch, G., Garnier, E., Westoby , M., Reich, P. B., Wright, I. J., Cornelissen, J. H. C., Violle, C., Harrison, S. P., van Bodegom, P. M., Reichstein, M., Enquist, B. J., Soudzilovskaia, N. A., Ackerly, D. D., Anand, M., . . . Blanco, C. C. (2011). TRY - A global database of plant traits. Global Change Biology, 17(9), 2905-2935. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02451.x Keil, P., Schweiger, O., Kuhn, I., Kunin, W. E., Kuussaari, M., Settele, J., Henle, K., Brotons, L., Pe’er, G., Lengyel, S., Moustakas, A., Steinicke, H., & Storch, D. (2012). Patterns of beta diversity in Europe: The role of climate, land cover and distance across scales. Journal of Biogeography, 39(8), 1473-1486. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2012.02701.x Kohli, B. A., & Jarzyna, M. A. (2021). Pitfalls of ignoring trait resolution when drawing conclusions about ecological processes. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 30(5), 1139-1152. https://doi.org/10.1111/geb.13275 Koleff, P., Gaston, K. J., & Lennon, J. J. (2003). Measuring beta diversity for presence–absence data. Journal of Animal Ecology, 72(3), 367-382. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2656.2003.00710.x Konishi, M., Emlen, S. T., Ricklefs, R. E., & Wingfield, J. C. (1989). Contributions of bird studies to biology. Science, 246(4929), 465-472. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.2683069 Kopij, G., Swardt, D. H. D., & Nuttall, R. N. (2000). Diet of seven Coraciiform species (Coraciiformes) in South Africa. Acta Ornithologica, 35(2), 207-209. https://doi.org/10.3161/068.035.0202 Kremen, C. (2005). Managing ecosystem services: what do we need to know about their ecology? Ecology Letters, 8, 468-479. Kumschick, S., Bacher, S., & Blackburn, T. M. (2013). What determines the impact of alien birds and mammals in Europe? Biological Invasions, 15(4), 785-797. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-012-0326-6 Kurylo, J. S., Threlfall, C. G., Parris, K. M., Ossola, A., Williams, N. S. G., & Evans, K. L. (2020). Butterfly richness and abundance along a gradient of imperviousness and the importance of matrix quality. Ecological Applications, 30(7), e02144. https://doi.org/10.1002/eap.2144 Kushlan, J. A., & Hancock, J. A. (2005). Herons. Oxford University Press. La Sorte, F. A., Lepczyk, C. A., Aronson, M. F. J., Goddard, M. A., Hedblom, M., Katti, M., MacGregor-Fors, I., Mortberg, U., Nilon, C. H., Warren, P. S., Williams, N. S. G., & Yang, J. (2018). The phylogenetic and functional diversity of regional breeding bird assemblages is reduced and constricted through urbanization. Diversity and Distributions, 24(7), 928-938. https://doi.org/10.1111/ddi.12738 La Sorte, F. A., Lepczyk, C. A., Burnett, J. L., Hurlbert, A. H., Tingley, M. W., & Zuckerberg, B. (2018). Opportunities and challenges for big data ornithology. Condor, 120, 414-426. https://doi.org/10.1650/CONDOR-17-206.1 LaMontagne, J. M., Kilgour, R. J., Anderson, E. C., & Magle, S. (2015). Tree cavity availability across forest, park, and residential habitats in a highly urban area. Urban Ecosystems, 18(1), 151-167. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11252-014-0383-y Lee, P.F., Ding, T.S., Hsu, F.H., & Geng, S. (2004). Breeding bird species richness in Taiwan: distribution on gradients of elevation, primary productivity and urbanization. Journal of Biogeography, 31(2), 307-314. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.0305-0270.2003.00988.x Legendre, P., Galzin, R., & Harmelin-Vivien, M. L. (1997). Relating behavior to habitat: solutions to the fourth-corner problem. Ecology, 78(2), 547-562. https://doi.org/10.2307/2266029 Lepczyk, C. A., Aronson, M. F. J., Evans, K. L., Goddard, M. A., Lerman, S. B., & MacIvor, J. S. (2017). Biodiversity in the city: Fundamental questions for understanding the ecology of urban green spaces for biodiversity conservation. Bioscience, 67(9), 799-807. https://doi.org/10.1093/biosci/bix079 Leveau, L. M. (2022). Temporal persistence of taxonomic and functional composition in bird communities of urban areas: an evaluation after a 6-year gap in data collection. Urban Ecosystems, 25(1), 9-20. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11252-021-01132-4 Li, D. (2023). rtrees: an R package to assemble phylogenetic trees from megatrees. Ecography, 2023, e06643. https://doi.org/10.1111/ecog.06643 Li, D., Lee, M.-B., Xiao, W., Tang, J., & Zhang, Z. (2020). Noncrop features and heterogeneity mediate overwintering bird diversity in agricultural landscapes of southwest China. Ecology and Evolution, 10(12), 5815-5828. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.6319 Lin, D. L., Amano, T., Fuller, R. A., Ding, T. S., & Maron, M. (2025). Designing biodiversity-friendly landscapes: The effects of landscape heterogeneity across scales on bird species richness in Taiwan. Landscape Ecology, 40(2), 39. 10.1007/s10980-025-02055-7 Lin, D. L., Ko, J. C. J., Amano, T., Hsu, C. T., Fuller, R. A., Maron, M., Fan, M. W., Pursner, S., Wu, T. Y., Wu, S. H., Chen, W. J., Bayraktarov, E., Mundkur, T., Lin, R. S., Ding, T. S., Lee, Y. J., & Lee, P. F. (2023). Taiwan's breeding bird survey reveals very few declining species. Ecological Indicators, 146, 109839. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2022.109839 Lin, H. T., Sun, C.Y., & Hung, C. T. (2008). A study in the relationship between greenery of urban parks and bird diversity in Tainan City, Taiwan. In Fifth International Conference on Urban Regeneration and Sustainability (pp. 193-202). Lin, W.L., Lin, S.M., Lin, J.W., Wang, Y., & Tseng, H.Y. (2015). Breeding performance of Crested Goshawk Accipiter trivirgatus in urban and rural environments of Taiwan. Bird Study, 62(2), 177-184. https://doi.org/10.1080/00063657.2015.1005570 Livesley, S. J., McPherson, E. G., & Calfapietra, C. (2016). The urban forest and ecosystem services: Impacts on urban water, heat, and pollution cycles at the tree, street, and city scale. Journal of Environmental Quality, 45(1), 119-124. https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2015.11.0567 Lizee, M.-H., Mauffrey, J.-F., Tatoni, T., & Deschamps-Cottin, M. (2011). Monitoring urban environments on the basis of biological traits. Ecological Indicators, 11(2), 353-361. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2010.06.003 Lorenzon, R. E., Beltzer, A. H., Olguin, P. F., & Ronchi-Virgolini, A. L. (2016a). Habitat heterogeneity drives bird species richness, nestedness and habitat selection by individual species in fluvial wetlands of the Parana River, Argentina. Austral Ecology, 41(7), 829-841. https://doi.org/10.1111/aec.12375 Lorenzon, R. E., Beltzer, A. H., Peltzer, P. M., Ronchi-Virgolini, A. L., Tittarelli, M., & Olguin, P. (2016b). Local conditions vs regional context: variation in composition of bird communities along the Middle Parana River, an extensive river-floodplain system of South America. Community Ecology, 17(1), 40-47. https://doi.org/10.1556/168.2016.17.1.6 Lu, X., Jia, Y., & Wang, Y. (2024). The effect of landscape composition, complexity, and heterogeneity on bird richness: a systematic review and meta-analysis on a global scale. Landscape Ecology, 39(8), 132. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-024-01933-w MacGregor-Fors, I. (2008). Relation between habitat attributes and bird richness in a western Mexico suburb. Landscape and Urban Planning, 84(1), 92-98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2007.06.010 Madenjian, C. P., Stapanian, M. A., Witzel, L. D., Einhouse, D. W., Pothoven, S. A., & Whitford, H. L. (2011). Evidence for predatory control of the invasive round goby. Biological Invasions, 13, 987-1002. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-010-9884-7 Mammola, S., Carmona, C. P., Guillerme, T., & Cardoso, P. (2021). Concepts and applications in functional diversity. Functional Ecology, 35(9), 1869-1885. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2435.13882 Mantel, N. (1967). The detection of disease clustering and a generalized regression approach. Cancer Research, 27(2), 209-220. Marcacci, G., Westphal, C., Wenzel, A., Raj, V., Nolke, N., Tscharntke, T., & Grass, I. (2021). Taxonomic and functional homogenization of farmland birds along an urbanization gradient in a tropical megacity. Global Change Biology, 27(20), 4980-4994. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.15755 Marzluff, J. M. (2001). Worldwide urbanization and its effects on birds. In Marzluff, J. M., Bowman, R., & Donnelly, R. (Eds.), Avian ecology and conservation in an urbanizing world (pp. 19-47). Springer US. Maseko, M. S. T., Zungu, M. M., Ehlers Smith, D. A., Ehlers Smith, Y. C., & Downs, C. T. (2020). Effects of habitat-patch size and patch isolation on the diversity of forest birds in the urban-forest mosaic of Durban, South Africa. Urban Ecosystems, 23(3), 533-542. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11252-020-00945-z Mason, N. W. H., Mouillot, D., Lee, W. G., & Wilson, J. B. (2005). Functional richness, functional evenness and functional divergence: the primary components of functional diversity. Oikos, 111(1), 112-118. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0030-1299.2005.13886.x Matthies, S. A., Ruter, S., Schaarschmidt, F., & Prasse, R. (2017). Determinants of species richness within and across taxonomic groups in urban green spaces. Urban Ecosystems, 20(4), 897-909. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11252-017-0642-9 Mayorga, I., Bichier, P., & Philpott, S. M. (2020). Local and landscape drivers of bird abundance, species richness, and trait composition in urban agroecosystems. Urban Ecosystems, 23(3), 495-505. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11252-020-00934-2 McDonald, R. I., Marcotullio, P. J., & Guneralp, B. (2013). Urbanization and global trends in biodiversity and ecosystem services. In Elmqvist, T., Fragkias, M., Goodness, J., Guneralp, B., Marcotullio, P. J., McDonald, R. I., Parnell, S., Schewenius, M., Sendstad, M., Seto, K. C., & Wilkinson, C. (Eds.), Urbanization, biodiversity and ecosystem services: challenges and opportunities: a global assessment (pp. 31-52). Springer Netherlands. McGarigal, K., Cushman, S. A., & Ene, E. (2023). FRAGSTATS v4: spatial pattern analysis program for categorical maps https://www.fragstats.org/ McGill, B. J., Enquist, B. J., Weiher, E., & Westoby, M. (2006). Rebuilding community ecology from functional traits. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 21(4), 178-185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2006.02.002 McKinney, M. L. (2006). Urbanization as a major cause of biotic homogenization. Biological Conservation, 127(3), 247-260. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2005.09.005 McKinney, M. L. (2008). Effects of urbanization on species richness: A review of plants and animals. Urban Ecosystems, 11(2), 161-176. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11252-007-0045-4 McKinney, M., & Kark, S. (2017). Factors shaping avian alien species richness in Australia vs Europe. Diversity and Distributions, 23(11), 1334-1342. https://doi.org/10.1111/ddi.12625 McPherson, S. C., Brown, M., & Downs, C. T. (2019). Home range of a large forest eagle in a suburban landscape: Crowned Eagles (Stephanoaetus coronatus) in the Durban Metropolitan Open Space System, South Africa. Journal of Raptor Research, 53(2), 180-188. https://doi.org/10.3356/JRR-17-83 Melles, S. J., Glenn, S. M., & Martin, K. (2003). Urban bird diversity and landscape complexity: Species- environment associations along a multiscale habitat gradient. Conservation Ecology, 7, 5. Menard, S. (2002). Applied logistic regression analysis. SAGE Publications, Inc. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781412983433 Meynard, C. N., Devictor, V., Mouillot, D., Thuiller, W., Jiguet, F., & Mouquet, N. (2011). Beyond taxonomic diversity patterns: how do α, β and γ components of bird functional and phylogenetic diversity respond to environmental gradients across France? Global Ecology and Biogeography, 20(6), 893-903. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1466-8238.2010.00647.x Michel, N. L., Whelan, C. J., & Verutes, G. M. (2020). Ecosystem services provided by Neotropical birds. Condor, 122, 1-21. https://doi.org/10.1093/condor/duaa022 Minor, D. M., & Kobe, R. K. (2019). Fruit production is influenced by tree size and size-asymmetric crowding in a wet tropical forest. Ecology and Evolution, 9(3), 1458-1472. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.4867 Mokany, K., Ware, C., Woolley, S. N. C., Ferrier, S., & Fitzpatrick, Matthew C. (2022). A working guide to harnessing generalized dissimilarity modelling for biodiversity analysis and conservation assessment. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 31(4), 802-821. https://doi.org/10.1111/geb.13459 Mora, C., Tittensor, D. P., Adl, S., Simpson, A. G. B., & Worm, B. (2011). How many species are there on earth and in the ocean? PLoS Biology, 9(8), e1001127. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001127 Morales-Contreras, J., Vazquez, L.-B., Guzman-Saucedo, A., & MacGregor-Fors, I. (2025). Together but apart: contrasting intra- and peri-urban bird communities within a Neotropical city. Urban Ecosystems, 28(6), 211. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11252-025-01818-z Morante-Filho, J. C., & Faria, D. (2017). An appraisal of bird-mediated ecological functions in a changing world. Tropical Conservation Science, 10, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1177/1940082917703339 Morelli, F., Benedetti, Y., Perna, P., & Santolini, R. (2018). Associations among taxonomic diversity, functional diversity and evolutionary distinctiveness vary among environments. Ecological Indicators, 88, 8-16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2018.01.022 Mori, A. S., Isbell, F., & Seidl, R. (2018). β-Diversity, community assembly, and ecosystem functioning. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 33(7), 549-564. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2018.04.012 Mouchet, M. A., Villeger, S., Mason, N. W. H., & Mouillot, D. (2010). Functional diversity measures: an overview of their redundancy and their ability to discriminate community assembly rules. Functional Ecology, 24(4), 867-876. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2435.2010.01695.x Mouillot, D., Graham, N. A., Villeger, S., Mason, N. W., & Bellwood, D. R. (2013). A functional approach reveals community responses to disturbances. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 28(3), 167-177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2012.10.004 Myhrvold, N. P., Baldridge, E., Chan, B., Sivam, D., Freeman, D. L., & Ernest, S. K. M. (2015). An amniote life-history database to perform comparative analyses with birds, mammals, and reptiles. Ecology, 96, 3109. https://doi.org/10.1890/15-0846R.1 Nakamura, H., & Miyazawa, Y. (1997). Movements, space use and social organization of radio-tracked Common Cuckoos during the breeding season in Japan. Japanese Journal of Ornithology, 46, 23-54. Narango, D. L., Tallamy, D. W., & Marra, P. P. (2018). Nonnative plants reduce population growth of an insectivorous bird. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 115(45), 11549-11554. doi:10.1073/pnas.1809259115 Neate-Clegg, M. H. C., Tonelli, B. A., Youngflesh, C., Wu, J. X., Montgomery, G. A., ?ekercio?lu, C. H., & Tingley, M. W. (2023). Traits shaping urban tolerance in birds differ around the world. Current Biology, 33(9), 1677-1688.e1676. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2023.03.024 Nekola, J. C., & White, P. S. (1999). The distance decay of similarity in biogeography and ecology. Journal of Biogeography, 26(4), 867-878. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2699.1999.00305.x Newbold, T., Scharlemann, J. P. W., Butchart, S. H. M., ?ekercio?lu, C. H., Alkemade, R., Booth, H., & Purves, D. W. (2013). Ecological traits affect the response of tropical forest bird species to land-use intensity. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 280(1750). https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2012.2131 Nupen, L., Gardner, M., Morin, J., Ndou, T., & Dugmore, E. K. (2023). Web-sourced photographic methods reveal dietary composition and shifts in resident and migrant Coracias rollers in southern Africa. Biodiversity Observations, 13, 61-94. https://doi.org/10.15641/bo.1227 Oksanen, J., Simpson, G., Blanchet, F., Kindt, R., Legendre, P., Minchin, P., O'Hara, R., Solymos, P., Stevens, M., Szoecs, E., Wagner, H., Barbour, M., Bedward, M., Bolker, B., Borcard, D., Carvalho, G., Chirico, M., De Caceres, M., Durand, S., . . . Weedon, J. (2024). vegan: community ecology package. R package version 2.6-6.1. Oliver, T. H., Heard, M. S., Isaac, N. J. B., Roy, D. B., Procter, D., Eigenbrod, F., Freckleton, R., Hector, A., Orme, C. D. L., Petchey, O. L., Proenca, V., Raffaelli, D., Suttle, K. B., Mace, G. M., Martin-Lopez, B., Woodcock, B. A., & Bullock, J. M. (2015). Biodiversity and resilience of ecosystem functions. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 30(11), 673-684. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2015.08.009 Paker, Y., Yom-Tov, Y., Alon-Mozes, T., & Barnea, A. (2014). The effect of plant richness and urban garden structure on bird species richness, diversity and community structure. Landscape and Urban Planning, 122, 186-195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2013.10.005 Palacio, F. X. (2020). Urban exploiters have broader dietary niches than urban avoiders. Ibis, 162(1), 42-49. https://doi.org/10.1111/ibi.12732 Palomino, D., & Carrascal, L. M. (2006). Urban influence on birds at a regional scale: A case study with the avifauna of northern Madrid province. Landscape and Urban Planning, 77(3), 276-290. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2005.04.003 Panter, C. T., & Amar, A. (2021). Sex and age differences in the diet of the Eurasian sparrowhawk (Accipiter nisus) using web?sourced photographs: exploring the feasibility of a new citizen science approach. Ibis, 163(3), 928-947. https://doi.org/10.1111/ibi.12918 Parr, C. L., Dunn, R. R., Sanders, N. J., Weiser, M. D., Photakis, M., Bishop, T. R., Fitzpatrick, M. C., Arnan, X., Baccaro, F., Brandao, C. R. F., Chick, L., Donoso, D. A., Fayle, T. M., Gomez, C., Grossman, B., Munyai, T. C., Pacheco, R., Retana, J., Robinson, A., . . . Gibb, H. (2017). GlobalAnts: a new database on the geography of ant traits (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Insect Conservation and Diversity, 10, 5-20. https://doi.org/10.1111/icad.12211 Partridge, D. R., & Clark, J. A. (2018). Urban green roofs provide habitat for migrating and breeding birds and their arthropod prey. PLoS One, 13(8), e0202298. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202298 Patankar, S., Jambhekar, R., Suryawanshi, K. R., & Nagendra, H. (2021). Which traits influence bird survival in the city? A review. Land, 10(2), 92. https://www.mdpi.com/2073-445X/10/2/92 Payne, R. B. (1977). The ecology of brood parasitism in birds. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, 8, 1-28. Paz, R. V., Salustio-Gomes, C., Cavalcanti, V. R., Pinheiro-Silva, L., Fernandes, A. B. B., Pichorim, M., & Gianuca, A. T. (2024). Scale-dependent effects of urbanization on avian diversity in a Neotropical region. Urban Ecosystems, 28(1), 48. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11252-024-01624-z Pekar, S., Wolff, J. O., ?ernecka, ?., Birkhofer, K., Mammola, S., Lowe, E.C., Fukushima, C.S., Herberstein, M.E., Ku?era, A., Buzzatto, B.A., Djoudi, E.A., Domenech, M., Enciso, A.V., Pinanez Espejo, Y.M.G., Febles, S., Garcia, L.F., Goncalves-Souza, T., Isaia, M., Lafage, D., …, Cardoso, P. (2021). The world spider trait database: a centralized global open repository for curated data on spider traits. Database, 2021, baab064. https://doi.org/10.1093/database/baab064 Peper, P., McPherson, E., & Mori, S. (2001). Equations for predicting diameter, height, crown width, and leaf area of San Joaquin Valley street trees. Journal of Arboriculture, 27(6), 306-317. https://doi.org/10.48044/jauf.2001.034 Perez Rocha, M., Bini, L. M., Gronroos, M., Hjort, J., Lindholm, M., Karjalainen, S. M., Tolonen, K. E., & Heino, J. (2019). Correlates of different facets and components of beta diversity in stream organisms. Oecologia, 191(4), 919-929. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-019-04535-5 Perrins, C. M., & Birkhead, T. R. (1983). Avian ecology. Blackie. Petchey, O. L., & Gaston, K. J. (2002). Functional diversity (FD), species richness and community composition. Ecology Letters, 5(3), 402-411. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1461-0248.2002.00339.x Petchey, O. L., & Gaston, K. J. (2006). Functional diversity: back to basics and looking forward. Ecology Letters, 9(6), 741-758. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2006.00924.x Petersen, T. K., Speed, J. D. M., Grotan, V., & Austrheim, G. (2020). Urban aliens and threatened near-naturals: land-cover affects the species richness of alien- and threatened species in an urban-rural setting. Scientific Reports, 10(1), 8513. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-65459-2 Pettingill, O. S. (1985). Territory. In Ornithology in Laboratory and Field (5th ed., pp. 259-265). Academic Press. Pigot, A. L., Sheard, C., Miller, E. T., Bregman, T. P., Freeman, B. G., Roll, U., Seddon, N., Trisos, C. H., Weeks, B. C., & Tobias, J. A. (2020). Macroevolutionary convergence connects morphological form to ecological function in birds. Nature Ecology & Evolution, 4, 230-239. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-019-1070-4 Pintor, L. M., & Byers, J. E. (2015). Do native predators benefit from non-native prey? Ecology Letters, 18(11), 1174-1180. https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.12496 Poorter, L., van der Sande, M. T., Amissah, L., Bongers, F., Hordijk, I., Kok, J., Laurance, S. G. W., Martinez-Ramos, M., Matsuo, T., Meave, J. A., Munoz, R., Pena-Claros, M., van Breugel, M., Herault, B., Jakovac, C. C., Lebrija-Trejos, E., Norden, N., & Lohbeck, M. (2024). A comprehensive framework for vegetation succession. Ecosphere, 15(4), e4794. https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.4794 Potter, J. D., Brooks, C., Donovan, G., Cunningham, C., & Douwes, J. (2023). A perspective on green, blue, and grey spaces, biodiversity, microbiota, and human health. Science of the Total Environment, 892, 164772. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.164772 Qian, H., Ricklefs, R. E., & White, P. S. (2005). Beta diversity of angiosperms in temperate floras of eastern Asia and eastern North America. Ecology Letters, 8(1), 15-22. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2004.00682.x R Core Team. (2024). R: a language and environment for statistical computing. In R Foundation for Statistical Computing. https://www.R-project.org/ Reynolds, S. J., Ibanez-Alamo, J. D., Sumasgutner, P., & Mainwaring, M. C. (2019). Urbanisation and nest building in birds: a review of threats and opportunities. Journal of Ornithology, 160(3), 841-860. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10336-019-01657-8 Robinson, O. J., Ruiz-Gutierrez, V., & Fink, D. (2018). Correcting for bias in distribution modelling for rare species using citizen science data. Diversity and Distributions, 24(4), 460-472. https://doi.org/10.1111/ddi.12698 Rothstein, S. I. (1990). A model system for coevolution: avian brood parasitism. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 21, 481-508. Rutz, C. (2006). Home range size , habitat use , activity patterns and hunting behaviour of urban-breeding Northern Goshawks. Ardea, 94(2), 185-202. Sachs, J. D., Schmidt-Traub, G., Mazzucato, M., Messner, D., Nakicenovic, N., & Rockstrom, J. (2019). Six transformations to achieve the sustainable development goals. Nature Sustainability, 2(9), 805-814. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-019-0352-9 Sax, D. F., & Brown, J. H. (2000). The paradox of invasion. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 9(5), 363-371. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2665407 Sekercioglu, C. H. (2010). Ecosystem functions and services. In Sodhi, N. S. & Ehrlich, P. R. (Eds.), Conservation Biology for All. Oxford University Press. Seress, G. & Liker, A. (2015) Habitat urbanization and its effects on birds. Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, 61(4), 373-408. Seress, G., Sandor, K., Bokony, V., Bukor, B., Hubai, K., & Liker, A. (2025). Radio-tracking urban breeding birds: The importance of native vegetation. Ecological Applications, 35(1), e3095. https://doi.org/10.1002/eap.3095 Shanahan, D. F., Possingham, H. P., & Martin, T. G. (2011). Foraging height and landscape context predict the relative abundance of bird species in urban vegetation patches. Austral Ecology, 36(8), 944-953. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-9993.2010.02225.x Shao, K. T. (2023). The Fish Datebase of Taiwan. WWW Web electronic publication. http://fishdb.sinica.edu.tw Shieh, B. S., Lin, C. J., & Liang, S. H. (2016). Breeding biology of the invasive Asian glossy starling (Aplonis panayensis) in urban parks of Kaohsiung City, southern Taiwan. Taiwan Journal of Forest Science, 31(1), 63-70. Shih, W.Y. (2018). Bird diversity of greenspaces in the densely developed city centre of Taipei. Urban Ecosystems, 21(2), 379-393. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11252-017-0720-z Shiu, H. J., Ding, T. S., Sheu, J. E., Lin, R. S., Koh, C. N., & Lee, P. F. (2005). Morphological characters of bird species in Taiwan. Taiwania, 50(2), 80-92. https://doi.org/10.6165/tai.2005.50(2).80 Si, X., Baselga, A., & Ding, P. (2015). Revealing beta-diversity patterns of breeding bird and lizard communities on inundated land-bridge islands by separating the turnover and nestedness components. PLoS One, 10(5), e0127692. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0127692 Si, X., Baselga, A., Leprieur, F., Song, X., & Ding, P. (2016). Selective extinction drives taxonomic and functional alpha and beta diversities in island bird assemblages. Journal of Animal Ecology, 85(2), 409-418. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2656.12478 Simberloff, D., Martin, J.-L., Genovesi, P., Maris, V., Wardle, D. A., Aronson, J., Courchamp, F., Galil, B., Garcia-Berthou, E., Pascal, M., Py?ek, P., Sousa, R., Tabacchi, E., & Vila, M. (2013). Impacts of biological invasions: what's what and the way forward. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 28(1), 58-66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2012.07.013 Smouse, P. E., Long, J. C., & Sokal, R. R. (1986). Multiple regression and correlation extensions of the Mantel test of matrix correspondence. Systematic Zoology, 35(4), 627-632. https://doi.org/10.2307/2413122 Socolar, J. B., Gilroy, J. J., Kunin, W. E., & Edwards, D. P. (2016). How should beta-diversity inform biodiversity conservation? Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 31(1), 67-80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2015.11.005 Soininen, J., Heino, J., & Wang, J. (2018). A meta-analysis of nestedness and turnover components of beta diversity across organisms and ecosystems. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 27(1), 96-109. https://doi.org/10.1111/geb.12660 Sol, D., Bartomeus, I., & Griffin, A. S. (2012). The paradox of invasion in birds: competitive superiority or ecological opportunism? Oecologia, 169(2), 553-564. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-011-2203-x Sol, D., Bartomeus, I., Gonzalez-Lagos, C., & Pavoine, S. (2017a). Urbanisation and the loss of phylogenetic diversity in birds. Ecology Letters, 20(6), 721-729. https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.12769 Sol, D., Gonzalez-Lagos, C., Lapiedra, O., & Diaz, M. (2017b). Why are exotic birds so successful in urbanized environments? In Murgui, E. & Hedblom, M. (Eds.), Ecology and conservation of birds in urban environments (pp. 75-89). Springer International Publishing. Sol, D., Gonzalez-Lagos, C., Moreira, D., Maspons, J., & Lapiedra, O. (2014). Urbanisation tolerance and the loss of avian diversity. Ecology Letters, 17(8), 942-950. https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.12297 Sol, D., Trisos, C., Murria, C., Jeliazkov, A., Gonzalez-Lagos, C., Pigot, A. L., Ricotta, C., Swan, C. M., Tobias, J. A., & Pavoine, S. (2020). The worldwide impact of urbanisation on avian functional diversity. Ecology Letters, 23(6), 962-972. https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.13495 Song, Y., Wang, P., Li, G., & Zhou, D. (2014). Relationships between functional diversity and ecosystem functioning: a review. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 34(2), 85-91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chnaes.2014.01.001 Sorensen, T. (1948). A method of establishing groups of equal amplitude in plant sociology based on similarity of species and its application to analyses of the vegetation on Danish commons. Munksgaard, Copenhagen. Stohlgren, T. J., Jarnevich, C., Chong, G. W., & Evangelista, P. H. (2006). Scale and plant invasions: A theory of biotic acceptance. Preslia, 78(4), 405-426. https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/70029460 Stukenholtz, E. E., & Stevens, R. D. (2022). Taxonomic and functional components of avian metacommunity structure along an urban gradient. PLoS One, 17(8), e0271405. 10.1371/journal.pone.0271405 Su, S., Cassey, P., & Blackburn, T. M. (2014). Patterns of non-randomness in the composition and characteristics of the Taiwanese bird trade. Biological Invasions, 16(12), 2563-2575. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-014-0686-1 Sultana, M., Corlatti, L., & Storch, I. (2021). The interaction of imperviousness and habitat heterogeneity drives bird richness patterns in south Asian cities. Urban Ecosystems, 24(2), 335-344. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11252-020-01037-8 Swartz, T. M., Gleditsch, J. M., & Behm, J. E. (2023). A functional trait approach reveals the effects of landscape context on ecosystem services provided by urban birds. Landscape and Urban Planning, 234, 104724. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2023.104724 Syrbe, R.-U., & Chang, J. (2018). Options and challenges for implementing green spaces in urban development. In Grunewald, K., Li, J., Xie, G., & Kumper-Schlake, L. (Eds.), Towards green cities: urban biodiversity and ecosystem services in China and Germany (pp. 105-173). Springer International Publishing. Syrbe, R.U., & Chang, J. (2018). Options and challenges for implementing green spaces in urban development. In Grunewald, K., Li, J., Xie, G., & Kumper-Schlake, L. (Eds.), Towards green cities: urban biodiversity and ecosystem services in China and Germany (pp. 105-173). Springer International Publishing. Takahashi, T., Yamamoto, K., Senda, Y., & Tsuzuku, M. (2005). Estimating individual tree heights of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica D. Don) plantations in mountainous areas using small-footprint airborne LiDAR. Journal of Forest Research, 10(2), 135-142. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10310-004-0125-8 Taylor, L., & Hochuli, D. F. (2017). Defining greenspace: Multiple uses across multiple disciplines. Landscape and Urban Planning, 158, 25-38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2016.09.024 ter Braak, C. J. F., Cormont, A., & Dray, S. (2012). Improved testing of species traits–environment relationships in the fourth-corner problem. Ecology, 93(7), 1525-1526. https://doi.org/10.1890/12-0126.1 Thioulouse, J., Dray, S., Dufour, A., Siberchicot, A., Jombart, T., & Pavoine, S. (2018). Multivariate analysis of ecological data with ade4. Springer. Thomassen, H. A., Buermann, W., Mila, B., Graham, C. H., Cameron, S. E., Schneider, C. J., Pollinger, J. P., Saatchi, S., Wayne, R. K., & Smith, T. B. (2010). Modeling environmentally associated morphological and genetic variation in a rainforest bird, and its application to conservation prioritization. Evolutionary Applications, 3(1), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-4571.2009.00093.x Tilman, D. (2001). Functional Diversity. In Levin, S. A. (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Biodiversity (pp. 109-120). Elsevier. Tobias, J. A., & Pigot, A. L. (2019). Integrating behaviour and ecology into global biodiversity conservation strategies. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 374. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0012 Tobias, J. A., Ottenburghs, J., & Pigot, A. L. (2020). Avian diversity: speciation, macroevolution, and ecological function. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, 51, 533–560. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-110218-025023 Tobias, J. A., Sheard, C., Pigot, A. L., Devenish, A. J. M., Yang, J., Sayol, F., Neate-Clegg, M. H. C., Alioravainen, N., Weeks, T. L., Barber, R. A., Walkden, P. A., MacGregor, H. E. A., Jones, S. E. I., Vincent, C., Phillips, A. G., Marples, N. M., Montano-Centellas, F. A., Leandro-Silva, V., Claramunt, S., . . . Schleuning, M. (2022). AVONET: morphological, ecological and geographical data for all birds. Ecology Letters, 25(3), 581-597. https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.13898 Tsai, P. Y., Ko, C. J., Hsieh, C., Su, Y. T., Lu, Y. J., Lin, R. S., & Tuanmu, M. N. (2020). A trait dataset for Taiwan's breeding birds. Biodiversity Data Journal, 8, e49735. https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.8.e49735 United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. (2018). The World’s Cities in 2018—Data Booklet. Utz, R. M., Hilderbrand, R. H., & Boward, D. M. (2009). Identifying regional differences in threshold responses of aquatic invertebrates to land cover gradients. Ecological Indicators, 9(3), 556-567. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2008.08.008 Vangestel, C. (2011). Relating phenotypic and genetic variation to urbanization in avian species: A case study on house sparrows (Passer domesticus). [Published doctoral dissertation]. University of Ghent. Viana-Soto, A., Garcia, M., Aguado, I., & Salas, J. (2022). Assessing post-fire forest structure recovery by combining LiDAR data and Landsat time series in Mediterranean pine forests. International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation, 108, 102754. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2022.102754 Vila, M., Basnou, C., Py?ek, P., Josefsson, M., Genovesi, P., Gollasch, S., Nentwig, W., Olenin, S., Roques, A., Roy, D., Hulme, P. E., & partners, D. (2010). How well do we understand the impacts of alien species on ecosystem services? A pan-European, cross-taxa assessment. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 8(3), 135-144. https://doi.org/10.1890/080083 Villasenor, N. R., Escobar, M. A. H., & Hernandez, H. J. (2021). Can aggregated patterns of urban woody vegetation cover promote greater species diversity, richness and abundance of native birds? Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 61, 127102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2021.127102 Villeger, S., Grenouillet, G., & Brosse, S. (2013). Decomposing functional β-diversity reveals that low functional β-diversity is driven by low functional turnover in European fish assemblages. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 22(6), 671-681. https://doi.org/10.1111/geb.12021 Villeger, S., Mason, N. W. H., & Mouillot, D. (2008). New multidimensional functional diversity indices for a multifaceted framework in functional ecology. Ecology, 89(8), 2290-2301. https://doi.org/10.1890/07-1206.1 Violle, C., Navas, M., Vile, D., Kazakou, E., Fortunel, C., Hummel, I., & Garnier, E. (2007). Let the concept of trait be functional! Oikos, 116, 882-892. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2007.0030-1299.15559.x Vitousek, P. M., Mooney, H. A., Lubchenco, J., & Melillo, J. M. (1997). Human domination of earth's ecosystems. Science, 277(5325), 494-499. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.277.5325.494 Vohland, K., Land-zandstra, A., Ceccaroni, L., Lemmens, R., Perello, J., Ponti, M., Samson, R., & Wagenknecht, K. (2021). The science of citizen science. Springer Nature. Wang, J. S., & Hung, C. M. (2019). Barn Swallow nest predation by a recent urban invader, the Taiwan Whistling Thrush - implications for the evolution of urban avian communities. Zoological Studies, 58, e1. https://doi.org/10.6620/zs.2019.58-01 Warren, J. L. (1973). Green space for air pollution control. Council of Planning Librarians. Webb, C. O., Ackerly, D. D., McPeek, M. A., & Donoghue, M. J. (2002). Phylogenies and community ecology. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, 33, 475-505. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.33.010802.150448 Weideman, E. A., Slingsby, J. A., Thomson, R. L., & Coetzee, B. T. W. (2020). Land cover change homogenizes functional and phylogenetic diversity within and among African savanna bird assemblages. Landscape Ecology, 35(1), 145-157. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-019-00939-z Wenny, D. G., Devault, T. L., Johnson, M. D., Kelly, D., Sekercioglu, C. H., Tomback, D. F., & Whelan, C. J. (2011). The need to quantify ecosystem services provided by birds. Auk, 128(1), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1525/auk.2011.10248 Whelan, C. J., Sekercioglu, C. H., & Wenny, D. G. (2015). Why birds matter: From economic ornithology to ecosystem. Journal of Ornithology, 156(Suppl 1), 227-238. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10336-015-1229-y Whelan, C. J., Sekercioglu, C. H., & Wenny, D. G. (2016). Bird ecosystem services: Economic Ornithology for the 21st Century. In Sekercioglu, C. H., Wenny, D. G., & Whelan, C. J. (Eds.), Why birds matter: Avian ecological functions and ecosystem services (pp. 1-26). University of Chicago Press. Whittaker, R. H. (1960). Vegetation of the Siskiyou Mountains, Oregon and California. Ecological Monographs, 30(3), 279-338. https://doi.org/10.2307/1943563 Wiens, J. J. (2023). Trait-based species richness: ecology and macroevolution. Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, 98(4), 1365-1387. https://doi.org/10.1111/brv.12957 Wilman, H., Belmaker, J., Simpson, J., de la Rosa, C., Rivadeneira, M. M., & Jetz, W. (2014). EltonTraits 1.0: Species-level foraging attributes of the world’s birds and mammals. Ecology, 95(7), 2027. https://doi.org/10.1890/13-1917.1 Wright, D. H., & Reeves, J. H. (1992). On the meaning and measurement of nestedness of species assemblages. Oecologia, 92(3), 416-428. http://www.jstor.org/stable/4220183 Xie, L., Huang, X., Xia, T., Wu, L., & Chen, S.C. (2026). Large old trees sustain avian communities and critical plant-bird interactions in highly urbanised environments. Biological Conservation, 313, 111582. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2025.111582 Xie, S., Marzluff, J. M., Su, Y., Wang, Y., Meng, N., Wu, T., Gong, C., Lu, F., Xian, C., Zhang, Y., & Ouyang, Z. (2022). The role of urban waterbodies in maintaining bird species diversity within built area of Beijing. Science of The Total Environment, 806, 150430. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150430 Yang, M., Callaghan, C. T., & Wu, J. (2023). How do birds with different traits respond to urbanization? A phylogenetically controlled analysis based on citizen science data and a diverse urbanization measurement. Landscape and Urban Planning, 237, 104801. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2023.104801 Yao, S., Liu, L., Shan, P., Yang, X., & Wu, F. (2023). The elevational gradient of bird beta diversity in the Meili Snow Mountains, Yunnan Province, China. Animals (Basel), 13(9), 1567. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13091567 Yuan, H. W., Shen, S. F., & Hung, H. Y. (2006). Sexual dimorphism, dispersal patterns, and breeding biology of the Taiwan Yuhina: A joint-nesting passerine. Wilson Journal of Ornitholgy, 118(4), 558-562. https://doi.org/10.1676/05-809.1 | - |
| dc.identifier.uri | http://tdr.lib.ntu.edu.tw/jspui/handle/123456789/101507 | - |
| dc.description.abstract | 都市化發展與外來種引進正造成全球生物多樣性與群聚組成重大的影響。生物性狀反應物種在生態系中資源利用與功能表現的方式，能有效揭示環境特性與生物組成的關聯，並為生物友善都市規劃與保育策略提供科學依據。為探討臺北都會區都市化對鳥類群聚的影響，本研究分析棲地特性與鳥類組成、性狀、α及β多樣性之間的關係。透過建置臺灣鳥類性狀資料集，收集都市化梯度上的鳥類群聚，並量化地景覆蓋與植被高度等環境變數，以進行整體評估。在原生與外來鳥種多樣性分析中，結果顯示在農業覆蓋比例及地景組成異質度較高區域，原生與外來鳥種種類與數量均較多。然而，在植被高度較高的區域擁有較高的原生鳥種種類與數量，外來鳥種則相反。外來鳥種亦偏好不透水層覆蓋較高的區域及河濱草坪，可能與優勢外來種偏好地面覓食的生態習性相關。繁殖鳥類性狀方面，在不透水層覆蓋較高的區域，利用人為建築築巢、取食人類食物及廣食性的鳥種分布較多；相對的，植被高度較高的區域，則聚集較多樹冠層活動、果食性及不偏好地面覓食的鳥種。此外，本研究亦檢視都市地景覆蓋對分類、親緣與功能β多樣性的影響，並進一步探討轉換與嵌套對各β多樣性的貢獻。結果顯示，分類與親緣β多樣性在都市梯度上呈現顯著高度相關，反映雀形目與鴿形目鳥種在高度都市發展區域展現較強的適應力，進而驅動群聚組成變化。空間距離、地景組成異質度及不透水層覆蓋顯著影響鳥類β多樣性及轉換，加上都市梯度上，分類轉換較高而親緣與功能轉換較低，顯示在高度都市化區域中，部分親緣關係相近且功能相似的鳥種取代了其他不適應的鳥種。綜合而言，本研究建議保存臺北都會區內的森林、農田及草地覆蓋，並維持較高的地景組成異質度，有助於提升原生繁殖鳥種種類與數量，以及全年鳥種的親緣與功能β多樣性，減緩受都市化篩選導致的物種損失，以維持都市生態系的韌性與永續。此外，都市綠地中，高大且成熟的樹木可提升原生鳥種多樣性，可能與提供所需的食物與生態棲位相關，同時也限制偏好開闊地面覓食的優勢外來種。因此，強化綠地植被垂直結構，將有助於兼顧都市生態鳥類保育與外來種管理。 | zh_TW |
| dc.description.abstract | Urbanization and the alien invasive species have profoundly altered global biodiversity and community composition. Functional traits, which reflect how species utilize resources and contribute to ecosystem functioning, provide critical insight into the relationships between environmental features and species composition. Such knowledge is essential for developing biodiversity-friendly urban planning and conservation strategies.
To assess the effects of urbanization on bird communities, this study examined the relationships between habitat characteristics, species composition, functional traits, and both α- and β-diversity along an urbanization gradient in the Taipei metropolitan area. I have established a comprehensive trait dataset including 454 bird species in Taiwan. Bird community data were collected across six urban habitats, and environmental variables such as landcover composition and vegetation height were quantified. The native and alien species richness and abundance presented significantly positive associations with agricultural cover and landscape compositional heterogeneity. Taller vegetation supported greater native bird richness and abundance, whereas alien species showed the opposite trend, favoring areas with higher impervious surface cover and riverside lawns—likely related to the dominance of ground-foraging alien species. The results of trait-based analyses further revealed that bird species nesting on buildings, feeding on human foods, and diet generalists were significantly more prevalent in areas with higher impervious surface cover. In contrast, the sites with taller vegetation supported more canopy-foraging, frugivorous species, but fewer ground-foraging ones. I also examined taxonomic, phylogenetic, and functional β-diversity, partitioning them into turnover and nestedness components. Taxonomic and phylogenetic β-diversity were significantly highly associated along the urbanization gradient, suggesting that adaptive tolerance among certain taxonomic groups drives community assembly in urban environments, including Passeriformes and Columbiformes. Spatial distance, landscape heterogeneity, and impervious surface cover significantly affected three β-diversity and their turnover components. Higher taxonomic turnover combined with lower phylogenetic and functional turnover indicated that phylogenetically closely related and functionally similar species tend to replace less tolerant species in highly urbanized areas. These findings highlight the importance of maintaining forest, agricultural land, and grassland cover, as well as promoting landscape heterogeneity within the Taipei metropolitan area, to enhance native bird α-diversity and maintain phylogenetic and functional β-diversity throughout the year. These landscapes with those features may mitigate biodiversity loss caused by urbanization and sustain the resilience and functionality of urban ecosystems. Moreover, tall and mature trees within urban green spaces promote native bird diversity by providing essential foods and ecological niches, while simultaneously limiting the dominance of ground-foraging alien species. Strengthening vegetation structure and vertical complexity in urban habitats can thus contribute to both biodiversity conservation and alien bird species management. | en |
| dc.description.provenance | Submitted by admin ntu (admin@lib.ntu.edu.tw) on 2026-02-04T16:20:24Z No. of bitstreams: 0 | en |
| dc.description.provenance | Made available in DSpace on 2026-02-04T16:20:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 | en |
| dc.description.tableofcontents | 口試委員會審定書 Ⅰ
致謝 Ⅱ 摘要 Ⅲ ABSTRACT Ⅴ 聲明 Ⅶ 目次 Ⅷ 圖次 Ⅹ 表次 ⅩⅠ 第一章 緒論 1 1.1 性狀資料的重要性 2 1.2 生物多樣性 3 1.3都市化對生物多樣性的影響 6 1.4 研究動機與目的 8 第二章 以公民科學與文獻建置臺灣鳥類性狀資料集 11 2.1 前言 12 2.2 方法 17 2.3 結果 24 2.4 討論 30 2.5 資料集 32 2.6 技術驗證 32 第三章 臺北地區都市化梯度上的繁殖鳥類群聚組成 43 3.1 前言 44 3.2 方法 46 3.3結果 52 3.4討論 54 第四章 全年鳥種之分類、親緣與功能β多樣性 71 4.1 前言 72 4.2方法 76 4.3結果 80 4.4討論 82 第五章 結論 97 參考文獻 102 附錄 128 | - |
| dc.language.iso | zh_TW | - |
| dc.subject | 臺北都會區 | - |
| dc.subject | 鳥類群聚 | - |
| dc.subject | 多樣性 | - |
| dc.subject | 性狀 | - |
| dc.subject | 都市梯度 | - |
| dc.subject | β多樣性 | - |
| dc.subject | 外來種 | - |
| dc.subject | bird communities | - |
| dc.subject | diversity | - |
| dc.subject | traits | - |
| dc.subject | urban gradient | - |
| dc.subject | β diversity | - |
| dc.subject | alien species | - |
| dc.subject | Taipei Metropolitan Area | - |
| dc.title | 應用性狀資料探討臺北地區都市化梯度上的鳥類群聚組成 | zh_TW |
| dc.title | Exploring bird community composition along an urbanization gradient in Taipei through trait-based approaches | en |
| dc.type | Thesis | - |
| dc.date.schoolyear | 114-1 | - |
| dc.description.degree | 博士 | - |
| dc.contributor.oralexamcommittee | 袁孝維;端木茂甯;林瑞興;林政道;林大利;許富雄 | zh_TW |
| dc.contributor.oralexamcommittee | Hsiao-Wei Yuan;Mao-Ning Tuanmu;Ruey-Shing Lin;Cheng-Tao Lin;Da-Li Lin;Fu-Hsiung Hsu | en |
| dc.subject.keyword | 臺北都會區,鳥類群聚多樣性性狀都市梯度β多樣性外來種 | zh_TW |
| dc.subject.keyword | bird communities,diversitytraitsurban gradientβ diversityalien speciesTaipei Metropolitan Area | en |
| dc.relation.page | 380 | - |
| dc.identifier.doi | 10.6342/NTU202600205 | - |
| dc.rights.note | 同意授權(全球公開) | - |
| dc.date.accepted | 2026-01-30 | - |
| dc.contributor.author-college | 生物資源暨農學院 | - |
| dc.contributor.author-dept | 森林環境暨資源學系 | - |
| dc.date.embargo-lift | 2026-02-05 | - |
| 顯示於系所單位： | 森林環境暨資源學系 | |
文件中的檔案：
| 檔案 | 大小 | 格式 | |
|---|---|---|---|
| ntu-114-1.pdf | 7.66 MB | Adobe PDF | 檢視/開啟 |
系統中的文件，除了特別指名其著作權條款之外，均受到著作權保護，並且保留所有的權利。