從新經濟社會學視角探討越南政商和勞資關係的非正式互構與制度化進程

Abstract

自1980年代以來，台灣產業結構經歷重大轉型，傳統製造業在生產成本上升與全球供應鏈重組的雙重壓力下，逐漸外移至具備低勞動成本與政策優惠的新興市場。早期台商主要選擇中國大陸作為投資基地，惟隨著中國工資上漲、環保法規趨嚴及政治風險升高，東南亞遂成為新一波資本轉移的重要目的地。其中，越南以其豐富人力資源、地理優勢及穩定的投資環境，逐步成為台商投資佈局的關鍵節點。近年來，隨著中美貿易戰和新冠疫情，越南再度被視為分散市場風險與重塑經貿網絡的戰略要地。然而，現有研究多著重於經濟層面的投資動機與成本考量，較少從制度與社會結構的角度，探討台商如何在越南形塑與在地社會的互動與嵌入關係。

本研究以新經濟社會學（New Economic Sociology）為理論取徑，運用「嵌入性」（embeddedness）概念，分析台商於越南的政商關係與勞資關係，並以「跨國資本積累場域」理論為分析框架，透過「國家、外資和勞動」這條權力關係軸線，探討外資如何在地方制度與社會結構中形成權力互動與資本積累機制。研究認為，越南的政商互動與勞資關係並非兩個獨立領域，而是透過制度安排與非正式網絡交織而成的互構體系。國家法規、外資策略與勞動組織之間的多重關係，揭示市場運作背後的政治性與社會性。

本研究透過製造業、服務業與科技業的個案分析，揭示台商在越南的經營策略深受正式與非正式制度影響，顯示出越南「嚴法軟執行」體制的深刻認知，法律提供框架，但實際運作仰賴地方網絡與彈性協商。越南政府既吸引外資又保護本國勞工的治理邏輯，台商正於此矛盾中尋求跨國生產的生存路徑。研究進一步強調，理解越南台商的經營實踐，需同時考量「國家、外資和勞工」三方互構的權力關係，從而揭示在全球生產體系下，企業如何在跨國行動中調適、嵌入並重塑當地社會結構。本研究期望能補足過往台商研究中對社會嵌入性與制度互動分析的不足，為理解跨國資本運作與地方治理之間的動態關係提供新的理論視角。

Since the 1980s, Taiwan’s industrial structure has undergone profound transformation. Under the dual pressures of rising production costs and global supply chain restructuring, traditional manufacturing industries have gradually relocated to emerging markets characterized by lower labor costs and favorable investment policies. In the early stages, China served as the primary destination for Taiwanese investors; however, as labor costs increased, environmental regulations tightened, and political risks rose, Southeast Asia emerged as a major destination for a new wave of capital relocation. Among these countries, Vietnam has become a key node in Taiwanese investment networks due to its abundant labor resources, geographic advantages, and stable investment environment. In recent years, the U.S.–China trade war and the COVID-19 pandemic have further positioned Vietnam as a strategic location for market diversification and the reconfiguration of regional economic networks. Nevertheless, existing studies have largely focused on the economic motivations and cost considerations of Taiwanese investment, while insufficient attention has been paid to how Taiwanese enterprises construct their interactions and embedded relationships within Vietnam’s institutional and social contexts. Drawing on the theoretical framework of New Economic Sociology, this study adopts the concept of embeddedness to analyze the political, business and labor and management relations of Taiwanese enterprises in Vietnam. Utilizing the theory of the transnational field of capital accumulation, it further examines how foreign capital forms mechanisms of power interaction and capital accumulation within local institutional and social structures through the triadic relationship among the state, foreign investment, and labor. The study argues that Vietnam’s political and business interactions and labor relations are not two separate domains but rather a mutually constitutive system intertwined through both formal institutional arrangements and informal networks. The multiple relationships among state regulations, foreign investment strategies, and labor organizations reveal the deeply political and social nature underlying market operations. Through case analyses of the manufacturing, service, and technology industries, the study demonstrates that Taiwanese enterprises’ operational strategies in Vietnam are profoundly shaped by both formal and informal institutions. This reflects a deep awareness of Vietnam’s system of “strict laws and flexible enforcement,” in which legal frameworks exist but practical operations rely heavily on local networks and negotiated flexibility. Positioned between the state’s dual logic of attracting foreign investment and protecting domestic labor, Taiwanese investors navigate a complex environment to sustain transnational production. The study further contends that understanding the practices of Taiwanese firms in Vietnam requires examining the tripartite power relations among the state, foreign capital, and labor, thereby revealing how enterprises adapt, embed, and reshape local social structures within the global production system. Ultimately, this research seeks to fill the analytical gap in previous studies regarding social embeddedness and institutional interaction, offering a renewed theoretical perspective for understanding the dynamic relationship between transnational capital operations and local governance.