未定之路：學生運動員未來工作自我與生涯不確性之探討

Abstract

有鑑於許多學生運動員畢業後不會延續運動生涯。然而，面對訓練需求和課業負擔雙管齊下，學生運動員的時間管理及生涯規劃上將是一大考驗，更可能進一步增加對未來的不確定性以及對生涯的迷茫，甚至錯失可能發展的職業機會。為探討此議題，本研究以適應的生涯建構理論為基礎，探討臺灣地區大專院校公開組學生運動員之未來工作自我、雙重生涯適應、生涯不確定性與專項運動訓練時數之相關性、同時探討變項間的中介效果、調節效果，與調節式中介效果。研究以立意抽樣之問卷調查形式，包含未來工作自我、雙重生涯適應、生涯不確定性量表、專項運動訓練時數，以及性別、年齡及運動年資等背景變項，共計回收494份有效問卷，填答有效率91.5%。研究結果顯示，未來工作自我與雙重生涯適應呈顯著正相關，學生運動員若具明確職涯目標，能在學業與運動間展現較佳平衡與適應力，而未來工作自我亦透過雙重生涯適應完全中介生涯不確定性，顯示清晰的職涯方向可提升適應能力，減少對未來生涯的焦慮；專項訓練時數對未來工作自我與雙重生涯適應間的關係具調節作用，當個體的訓練時數較長，其未來工作自我對雙重生涯適應的正向影響脈絡會被削弱。同時，專項運動訓練時數也對未來工作自我、雙重生涯適應與生涯不確定性的中介脈絡具調節式中介效果，過高訓練負荷可能限制學生運動員職涯探索與準備空間。研究限制上，本研究採橫斷式問卷調查，存在時間侷限，未來可考量採縱貫設計以驗證模型穩定性；訓練時數衡量亦可納入賽事密度與心理恢復等面向，以更全面反映個體實際負荷。實務建議部份，建議教育機構參考國外訓練時限政策，調整課業與訓練安排，並提供彈性修課、線上學習與延長修業年限等機制，協助學生運動員兼顧雙重生涯發展，促進長期職涯規劃與心理健康。

Many collegiate student-athletes do not continue their athletic careers after graduation. However, the dual demands of intensive training and academic coursework pose significant challenges to time management and career planning, potentially increasing career uncertainty and limiting future opportunities. Grounded in the career construction model of adaptation, this study examined the relationships among future work selves, dual career adaptability, career uncertainty, and training hours among collegiate student-athletes in Taiwan. In addition, this study analyzed the mediating effect of dual career adaptability, the moderating effect of training hours, and the moderated mediation effect across these variables. Using purposive sampling, a questionnaire survey was administered, including measures of future work selves, dual career adaptability, career uncertainty, training hours and demographic variables. A total of 494 valid responses were collected, yielding a valid response rate of 91.5%. The results revealed a significant positive relationship between future work selves and dual career adaptability, suggesting that student-athletes with clearer career goals are more capable of balancing academic and athletic demands. Furthermore, dual career adaptability fully mediated the relationship between future work selves and career uncertainty, indicating that a clearer career vision enhances adaptive capacities and reduces anxiety regarding future careers. Training hours moderated the relationship between future work selves and dual career adaptability, such that high training loads weakened the positive effect of future work selves on dual career adaptability. Additionally, training hours exerted a moderated mediation effect across the model, implying that excessive training demands may restrict career exploration and preparation. This study was limited by its cross-sectional design; future research could adopt longitudinal approaches to validate the stability of the model. Moreover, measures of training load may be expanded to include competition density and psychological recovery to more comprehensively reflect athletes’ actual conditions. Practically, educational institutions are encouraged to reference international training time regulations to adjust academic and training arrangements, and to provide flexible course enrollment, online learning options, and extended study periods to support student-athletes’ dual career development and promote long-term career planning and well-being.