「你是Pilpina嗎？」：伊萊恩‧卡斯堤洛《美國不在心中》之離散移居再現

Abstract

本論文主張伊萊恩‧卡斯堤洛（Elaine Castillo）之小說《美國不在心中》（America Is Not the Heart, 2018）中的菲裔美國女性角色，透過離散移居相關的論述，動搖與性別、移民、國族認同相關的主流論述，進而帶出身為菲律賓女性的意義，並對其提出疑問。透過檢視本小說中菲裔美國女性角色的故事，並加以闡述其對應之社會及政治背景，本論文探索這些菲裔美國女性如何因為不同的社會階級、政治立場、酷兒身分、移居殖民等因素，各自交織成異質的自我認同。隨著這些交織浮現，這些角色無法被簡化成多重身份中的任何單一面向。本論文第一章探討卡斯堤洛的小說如何挑戰卡洛斯·卜婁杉（Carlos Bulosan）之小說《美國在心中》（America Is in the Heart, 1946）中關於移民的邏輯。本章節也回顧卡斯堤洛的散文集《如何閱讀現在》（How to Read Now, 2022）、菲律賓女性與菲律賓全球化相關之學術書籍、各方學者對於《美國在心中》之回應，以便對於該小說得出更精細的詮釋。第二章探討該小說如何描繪菲律賓戒嚴時期（1972-1986）、菲律賓與美國原住民面臨之剝削與驅逐、菲裔美國女性的酷兒離散。本章節分析這些描繪如何形塑小說之菲裔美國女性角色，同時亦檢視這些角色的描繪如何揭示未能切實重現的歷史。第三章透過本論文之分析，追溯卡斯堤洛針對離散移居之再現，實為超越國界之霸權結構造成之後果。本章節亦對於身份認同相關質疑與審查進行反思，針對本論文題目及卡斯堤洛之小說中所提出之問題，也許避而不答、保留空間，能促成更有成效的分析。

This thesis argues that the Filipina American characters depicted in Elaine Castillo’s novel America Is Not the Heart (2018), through their narratives of displacements, unsettle dominant structures of gender, migration, and nationalism, thereby centering the problem of what it means to be Filipina. Examining different forms of displacement in this novel and elaborating on their sociopolitical contexts, this thesis explores how Filipina American identities are unevenly formed due to factors such as social class, political stance, queerness, and settler colonialism. As these intersections of identities emerge, Castillo’s Filipina American characters refuse to be reduced to any singular aspects of their identities. Chapter One of this thesis inspects how Castillo’s novel challenges the logic of migration presented in Carlos Bulosan’s canonical text America Is in the Heart (1946). This chapter also reviews Castillo’s collection of essays How to Read Now (2022), scholarly books on Filipinas and Philippine globalization, and academic responses to Castillo’s novel, in order to develop a more nuanced reading of Castillo’s text. Chapter Two looks at the novel’s portrayals of Philippine martial law (1972-1986), Indigenous displacement and dispossession across the Pacific, and queer Filipina American diasporas, inspecting how these contexts shape the novel’s Filipina American characters and, in turn, how the portrayals of these characters may shed light on unrepresented or misrepresented histories. Chapter Three concludes this thesis by tracing how Castillo’s representations of displacement, through the analyses elaborated in this thesis, are revealed to be consequences of hegemonic structures that exceed national boundaries. This chapter also reflects on how questions regarding identity, such as the one posed in this novel and in the title of this thesis, can lead to productive analyses when purposefully left open and unanswered.