從健康權論對食品添加「糖」之管制 -兼論新加坡Nutri-Grade制度

Abstract

糖雖廣泛存在於食品中，卻與現代社會多數慢性疾病風險密切相關，尤以糖尿病、心血管疾病與齲齒為代表。惟我國現行法制長期未對糖進行系統性規範，使得國民糖攝取失控與健康權受損成為結構性風險。本文以憲法上健康權保障與比例原則為分析核心，主張國家對於糖分應承擔積極保護義務，並有責設計合比例之制度回應，以矯正資訊不對稱與環境誘導所造成之公共健康危機。 本文首先自健康權之國際人權內涵與我國憲法解釋體系出發，確認健康權之保障範圍與國家介入之正當性依據，並以比例原則為法政策審查之分析工具，闡明糖分管制措施須在適當性、必要性與狹義比例性三階段中，取得公共利益與個人自由之平衡。其次，本文以實證資料與法規文獻檢討我國現行法制之落差，指出在標示義務、廣告限制與執行結構上皆有重大缺失，未能形成有效健康風險治理體系。為尋求制度改進途徑，本文進一步以新加坡Nutri-Grade制度為分析對象，探討其分級標示、風險提示、廣告禁制與政策滾動修正等面向，提出其作為風險導向食品管制制度之實踐意涵與我國之參照價值。 最終，本文以五章篇幅建構一套具備合憲性、實證性與可行性的糖分法政策架構，從法律階層性、行政執行資源、教育與資訊配套、數位工具應用與制度動態性五方面提出具體建議。結論認為，糖分政策不應視為單純衛教或行政管理問題，而應作為憲政治理中的公共健康保護任務，以法制手段實現健康權保障、促進風險透明，並兼顧產業發展與社會接受性，形塑一個符合比例原則與風險治理邏輯之健康社會。

Sugar, though widely accepted as a common ingredient in modern diets, is closely associated with an increased risk of chronic diseases such as type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and dental caries. Despite its significant public health implications, Taiwan's current legal framework lacks a systematic approach to regulating sugar consumption, resulting in excessive intake and the deterioration of constitutionally protected health rights. This thesis adopts the right to health and the principle of proportionality as its core analytical foundation, arguing that the state bears an affirmative constitutional obligation to protect citizens from preventable health risks associated with excessive sugar intake. Beginning with an analysis of the international and domestic constitutional basis of the right to health, this thesis identifies the normative legitimacy of state intervention and employs the principle of proportionality to evaluate the legitimacy and limits of sugar-related regulatory measures. Through a review of empirical data and regulatory texts, the research highlights significant regulatory gaps in Taiwan, including inadequate labeling requirements, ineffective advertising restrictions, and fragmented enforcement structures. To explore alternative models, the study examines Singapore’s Nutri-Grade system, a risk-based front-of-pack labeling scheme that integrates nutritional grading, advertising bans, and rolling policy revisions. This case study offers important insights for designing sugar regulation that balances public health protection with practical enforceability. In its final chapter, this thesis constructs a comprehensive legal and policy framework for sugar regulation in Taiwan, grounded in constitutional rights protection, scientific evidence, and risk governance principles. It offers specific recommendations across legislative hierarchy, administrative enforcement capacity, consumer education, digital platform deployment, and dynamic rulemaking. The study concludes that sugar regulation should not be treated merely as an administrative or public health issue, but rather as a matter of constitutional governance. A legally coherent and socially responsive regulatory structure is essential to realizing the substantive protection of the right to health in a modern risk society.