公平正義與商品消費─ 臺灣公平貿易咖啡的救贖與限制

Abstract

本研究關切源於西方的公平貿易運動，如何藉重要行動者引進臺灣，進行在地動員、組織，發展成現今的公平貿易網絡。以最普遍成熟的咖啡販售作為切入點，並援引Barnett(2005)分析倫理消費的兩層治理架構──「對消費脈絡的治理」與「牽涉消費自我主體形塑的治理」，探析公平貿易在相關組織與個人間的多元治理關係，並關切空間想像與論述在其中扮演的角色。 首先，採用質性研究法進行資料蒐集、針對臺灣公平貿易重要行動及參與者作田野觀察與訪談。分析發現公平貿易在臺灣存在多元的實踐方式，呈現標準化─非標準化，與倫理─折衷─商業交織的六大類型，一方面顯示隨公平貿易內在矛盾而來的許多辯證衝突，另一方面從中體現以臺灣為主體的空間想像。這樣的想像除了成為辯證的邏輯基礎，亦可進一步轉化成為空間論述，成功嫁接在地關懷和全球實踐，並反映出臺灣特有關於在地農業發展與全球關係的關懷與想像。 全球關係中的臺灣主體即為公平貿易第二層治理中的重要主體形式之一，使發展處境介乎第三世界與西方社會之間，又在南北關係殖民脈絡之外的台灣，以新的路徑進入公平貿易的架構當中，並體現出全球責任相當在地一面的內涵。

This research aims to reveal the process in which Fair Trade Campaign originated from the West has been inducted to Taiwan and has developed through various motivations by local actors. By focusing on the consumption of Fair Trade coffee, the most widespread commodity in this campaign, and using the framework of “governing consumption” and “governing the consuming self” from Barnett (2005), I tried to analysis the multiple governances between various organizations and individuals. Moreover, I was concerned about the role of space imaginations or discourses in those governing processes. By using qualitative research methods in this study, I’ve found that there’re multiple practices of Fair Trade in Taiwan which show some debates or conflicts, the debates of certification, especially, following the contradictions of Fair Trade itself. Furthermore, it appears that the space imaginations of which Taiwan as a subject became the key rationalities of those practices. That is to mobilize consumers by adopting imaginations associated with extensive relationship with other places or local development issues. Such space discourses or imaginations both show the specific path of Taiwan, out of the North-South relations, to this campaign and the local aspects to these very global movements.