鐵笛雷梅春消息： 楊維楨（1297-1370）書法中的道教因子

Abstract

本文以元末大文學家楊維楨（1297-1370）為例，探討元末時儒道交流所產生的獨特藝術風格。在過往研究中，道教與書法之間的互動關係，學界少有討論，或認為毫無關聯，本文意在強調元末書畫與道教之間實有緊密關聯，進而產生出獨特風格。楊維楨，字廉夫，浙江諸暨（今紹興）人，號鐵崖、鐵笛道人等。楊氏仕途坎坷，長年寓居江南，與當地具有文學素養的道士們頻繁往來，詩文書畫中屢見道教語彙與意象；浸淫於道教文化之中，楊維楨漸漸形成與入世儒家性格互為表裡的道教仙人形象。楊維楨也以「狂怪」書風為世所知，有別於趙孟頫等人所繼承的二王書史正統，但造成楊維禎狂怪風格的箇中原因卻依然不甚明晰。本文透過楊維楨最有代表性的作品《跋鄒復雷春消息圖》，探究文人與道士之間如何在藝術上產生共鳴、共識。最後，本文將會以更廣大的視角觀察此種道教因子在元末書畫藝術中扮演的角色與作用。

This study examines the unique artistic style that emerged from the interaction between Confucianism and Daoism during the late Yuan dynasty, using the prominent literary figure Yang Weizhen (1297–1370) as a case study. Previous scholarship has paid limited attention to the relationship between Daoism and calligraphy, often assuming a lack of connection. This thesis argues that a significant link existed between Daoist culture and the visual arts of the late Yuan, contributing to the formation of a distinctive aesthetic. Yang Weizhen, courtesy name Lianfu, was a native of Zhuji in Zhejiang (modern Shaoxing) and styled himself Tieya and Tiedi Daoren. His unfulfilled official career led him to reside in Jiangnan for many years, where he maintained close contact with literate Daoist priests. Daoist motifs and expressions appear frequently in his poetry, prose, and paintings. Immersed in Daoist culture, Yang increasingly came to inhabit a persona that reflected both a Confucian commitment to worldly ideals and a Daoist ideal of transcendence, with the two facets forming an internally consistent whole. Renowned for a calligraphic style characterized by boldness and eccentricity, Yang Weizhen departed from the orthodox tradition of the “Two Wangs” inherited by figures such as Zhao Mengfu. However, the origins of Yang's unconventional aesthetic remain insufficiently understood. Focusing on Yang’s colophon on The Breath of Spring painted by Zou Fulei, this thesis explores the artistic resonance between literati and Daoist practitioners. Finally, it considers the broader role of Daoist elements in the visual culture of late Yuan painting and calligraphy.