http://tdr.lib.ntu.edu.tw/jspui/handle/123456789/77 2026-03-12T08:08:16Z http://tdr.lib.ntu.edu.tw/jspui/handle/123456789/44377 標題: 鼩鼱第二胸椎異位骨之功能; Function of the Heterotopic Bone on the Second Thoracic Vertebra in Shrews 作者: Yi-Fen Lin; 林怡棻 摘要: 異位骨為游離於中軸及四肢骨以外的骨頭。由台灣尖鼠科動物之透明骨骼標本發現，台灣長尾麝鼩、小麝鼩、台灣灰麝鼩及家鼩之第二胸椎（T2）上方有一游離的尖長形異位骨，而台灣短尾鼩、細尾長尾鼩及台灣長尾鼩則不具有此骨。本研究選擇有T2異位骨的灰麝鼩、小麝鼩及無T2異位骨的長尾鼩為對象，透過肌肉解剖、頭部基本形值測量、行為觀察、骨骼結構相對位置及力學分析等方法，探討此骨可能之功能。 實驗結果顯示，麝鼩類之夾肌與異位骨直接相連，而無異位骨的台灣長尾鼩，其夾肌則與中線的項韌帶相連，兩類鼩鼱的夾肌皆連到頭骨兩側的人字脊上，因此影響頭部動作。頭部形值測量的結果顯示麝鼩類頭重心在頭部的位置較長尾鼩偏前端，行為觀察的結果顯示在「頭部探索」、「攀爬」、「落地」、「跳躍」、「站立」及「挖掘」等六項可能與頭部動作相關的行為類別中，「頭部探索」行為發生的頻率遠高於其他五者，且麝鼩類展現「頭向前」、「頭向前且抬升」、「頭向上」及「頭搜尋」動作的頻率高於長尾鼩，而在次數比例上，除了「頭搜尋」動作在三物種中皆佔最高比例（長尾鼩54.6±7.1%、灰麝鼩45.6±8.2%、小麝鼩48.3±10.7%）外，灰麝鼩及小麝鼩展現第二高比例的動作是「頭向前延展」（分別為19.8±8.9%及17.9±8.9%），但長尾鼩卻是「頭左右擺動」（21.1±6.3%）。 針對各種頭部動作進行骨骼結構相對位置及力學分析，發現麝鼩類在表現「頭向前」及「頭搜尋」時，頭重心遠離支點（即T2）的程度大於長尾鼩，且在「頭向前」動作時頭頸、頸胸椎夾角可延展的角度大於長尾鼩。力學分析發現，異位骨的存在使麝鼩夾肌的機械效率顯著提高近2倍，使其在大部份頭部動作的表現顯著優於長尾鼩，而有助於麝鼩類克服其原本較偏前端的頭部重心，並展現出頻率較高且延展角度較大的頭部動作。; Heterotopic bones are bones that are dissociated from the rest of the body skeleton in vertebrates. Through the examination of double stained specimens of seven of the eight shrew species in Taiwan, a needle-shaped heterotopic bone was found over the second thoracic vertebra（T2）in three Crocidura spp. and Suncus murinus, but not in Episoriculus fumidus, Chodsigoa sodalis or Anourosorex yamashinai. In this study, I used C. tanakae and C. shantungensis who have T2 heterotopic bone and Episoriculus fumidus who lacks the bone as subjects and conducted myological analysis, behavioral observation, head and body structure analysis, and statics analysis for muscle force affected by T2 heterotopic bone, in order to understand the functions of this bone in shrews. My results revealed that the splenius muscle is the major muscle that originates from the T2 heterotopic bone and inserts to the lateral half of the lambdoidal ridge of skull. The center of gravity of skulls of Crocidura spp. was farther away from occipital region than that of E. fumidus and was farther away from T2 fulcrum than that of E. fumidus in “Head Stretch Forward” and “Head Search” movements. Benefiting from the mechanical advantage enhanced by the T2 heterotopic bone for splenius muscle, Crocidura spp. can perform higher frequency of movements associated with the head. They can also stretch more of their cervical and thoracic vertebra in these movements than E. fumidus. 2009-01-01T00:00:00Z http://tdr.lib.ntu.edu.tw/jspui/handle/123456789/67106 標題: 黑面琵鷺度冬棲地的偏好; Wintering Habitat Preference of Black-faced Spoonbill (Platalea minor) 作者: Chia-Wei Chen; 陳佳微 摘要: 1990年，黑面琵鷺被列為「極度瀕危(CR, Critically Endangered)」的物種，然而隨著保育觀念的提升，及全球同步普查的努力，黑面琵鷺的全球數量才開始有上升的趨勢；但即使數量有所成長，現今在東亞各地區仍舊面臨著棲地的喪失、食源的減少等威脅。 從香港觀鳥會發行的「黑臉琵鷺全球同步普查 2017」報告書中，篩選出大於該年度黑面琵鷺調查總數1%的地區做為度冬熱點；並在這最終的11個樣區中，利用衛星影像進行棲地類型判定與面積統計，得到樣區範圍內的棲地組成與分布狀況。藉著分析2017年黑面琵鷺的度冬熱點，來瞭解牠們對度冬地的選擇與偏好。 從歷年度冬地的地理位置分析中，推測黑面琵鷺偏好在東亞緯度34.0°N 到19.0°N 之間的範圍度冬，而度冬族群的分布主要是受棲地品質的影響。黑面琵鷺白天群聚休息的群棲地，多有完整面積的灘地且干擾低；並無特別偏好的群棲地類型，11個熱點中鹽田、林沼澤／紅樹林及河口三角洲皆是樣區中心的主要群棲地類型。覓食棲地共有漁塭、河口三角洲及潟湖三種棲地類型，得到從群棲地中心移動距離5公里的範圍內，覓食棲地總面積與黑面琵鷺隻數有顯著高解釋力；而覓食棲地對黑面琵鷺族群的影響力大於群棲地，故各熱點應優先針對覓食棲地進行評估及保護。另外，11個熱點中共有10個樣區範圍內有設立針對濕地的保護區，其中達到有效管理的共9個熱點，確實有發揮保育黑面琵鷺的功能。 一旦棲地承載量無法負荷或是遭破壞，就可能導致黑面琵鷺尋找更外圍的可用覓食棲地，甚至移棲到其他地區度冬，形成在熱點主棲地周圍的衛星棲地。在族群成長逐漸趨緩的現今，可以藉著研究成果的熱點特色找尋現存熱點附近的潛在熱點，並進行棲地維護；以增加黑面琵鷺的可用棲地，同時減少風險。; In 1990, Black-faced Spoonbill (Platalea minor) was listed as Critically Endangered. Since then, with the improvement of public awareness and the efforts of the international census, the number of Black-faced spoonbill has been recovering increased. However, even if the population has grown, the wintering sites from the coastal area on the eastern fringe of Asia are still facing threats, such as loss of wintering habitat and reduction of food resources. The regions recorded more than 1% of the total number in 2017 are selected as wintering hot spots, from the 'The International Black-faced Spoonbill Census 2017' report, issued by the Hong Kong Bird Watching Society. For the final 11 sample areas, Landsat satellite imagery was used to determine habitat type and calculate their area. Furthermore, this study is to obtain the composition and distribution of habitats within the sample areas. By analyzing the wintering hot spots of the Black-faced spoonbill in 2017, we can verify their choices and preferences for wintering sites. From the geographical analysis of the wintering sites in the past years, the results implied that the Black-faced spoonbill prefers wintering in the region of latitude 34.0 ° N to 19.0 ° N in East Asia, and the distribution of wintering population is mainly affected by the quality of habitats. During daytime, the wetlands where Black-faced spoonbill are used to gathering and resting in, are defined as “roosting habitats”, mostly with a large area and low interference. It shows that there is no particular preference for the type of roosting habitats, which salt pans, mangroves, and estuary are the main types in the center among the selected hot spots. There are three types of “foraging habitats” with rich food resource, such as fish ponds, estuary, and lagoon. Within a range of 5 kilometers from the center of the hot spot, the total area of foraging habitat had a high predictive power on the number of Black-faced spoonbill. Foraging habitats have a greater influence on the Black-faced spoonbill than the roosting habitats, so it is recommended that the authority should give priority to the evaluation and protection of foraging habitats in their hot spot area. In addition, 10 sample areas out of 11 hot spots have established protected areas for wetlands, and among all selected hot spots, only 9 of those that have been properly managed, actually carry out the function of conserving Black-faced spoonbill. Once the habitat exceeds the carrying capacity or gets worse, it may cause the Black-faced spoonbill to search for more available foraging habitats in the outer periphery, or even migrate to other areas to spend the winter, forming satellite habitats around the main hot spots. Nowadays, while the growth of population gradually slowing down, we can use the characteristics of hot spot, discovered from research results, to find potential hot spots near existing ones and to carry out habitat maintenance; by increasing the number of available habitat, can we reduce risks of the Black-faced spoonbill. 2020-01-01T00:00:00Z http://tdr.lib.ntu.edu.tw/jspui/handle/123456789/65235 標題: 黑潮笠藤壺和美麗笠藤壺之生殖週期在台灣黑潮流域及東海海域的比較研究; Comparative study on the reproductive biology of the intertidal barnacles, Tetraclita kuroshioensis and Tetraclita japonica formosana (Cirripedia: Thoracica) in the Kuroshio and the East China Sea systems in Taiwan 作者: Chung-Hsien Wang; 王中賢 摘要: 台灣為橫跨亞熱帶和熱帶的西太平洋大型島嶼，高溫的黑潮沿著台灣東邊往北流經，為整個台灣東部海岸帶來終年溫暖的海溫；位於東海邊緣的東北角海岸在冬天則受到東北季風所帶來的冷水團影響，終年平均海溫明顯較東岸低。潮間帶生物大部分為無脊椎生物，其生殖週期極受溫度差異所影響。在台灣季節性的海溫差異影響下，我們提出了以下假說：位於東北角海岸及東海岸的潮間帶藤壺，其生殖會受到海溫影響而有所不同。 此研究調查了東北角海岸和東海岸中，兩種潮間帶常見的藤壺：黑潮笠藤壺(Tetraclita kuroshioensis)及美麗笠藤壺(Tetraclita japonica formosana)，自2006年到2009年間，其生殖季和性腺發育情形。卵巢、精巢、儲精囊及受精卵根據發育情形，先藉由外觀判定出不同的形態發育階段，再以切片觀察生殖細胞的發育情形定出生理層級的發育階段。 研究結果顯示，從2006到2009年間，精巢和卵巢的發育皆與海溫有顯著的相關。位於東北角的黑潮笠藤壺和美麗笠藤壺，其精巢多成熟於四月到九月；位於東海岸的黑潮笠藤壺和美麗笠藤壺，其精巢多成熟於二月到十一月，有著較長的成熟期。儲精囊內儲藏的成熟精子在東海岸及東北角皆終年存在。卵巢在東北角和東海岸幾乎都是終年成熟 (具有成熟卵母細胞) 的狀態。東海岸的黑潮笠藤壺和美麗笠藤壺每年具有兩到三次產卵發生，為期二月到十月；東北角的黑潮笠藤壺和美麗笠藤壺每年則有一到兩次產卵發生，為期五月到九月。此生殖差異，很有可能是由於東海岸較高的海水溫度影響所致。; Taiwan is a large island located in the subtropical to tropical region of West Pacific Ocean and the hydrography is influenced by different ocean systems. The Kuroshio Current flows along the east side of Taiwan and continues northward, which brings warm water to the East coast throughout the whole year. The Northeast coast adjacent to the East China Sea also experiences the warm water from Kuroshio Current during the summer season, whereas at the winter season, the strong northeasterly monsoon weakens the effect of the Kuroshio current at the Northeast coast by bringing cold water southward and lowering the water temperature. In the intertidal, most of the species are invertebrates and the reproductive cycle is very sensitive to the temperature change. The water temperature difference with the seasonal variation in Taiwan can be suitable to examine the influence of temperature changes to coastal organisms. Under such circumstances, it is hypothesized that the reproductive cycles of intertidal species at the Northeast coast and at the East coast of Taiwan can be different. In this study, we examined the reproductive status and the gonad development of two common barnacles, Tetraclita japonica formosana and Tetraclita kuroshioensis, in the Northeast coast (He-Ping-Dao and Badouzi) and the East coast (Shi-Ti-Ping and Chenggong) in Taiwan from April 2006 to December 2010. The experiment was conducted by macroscopic and histological approaches. The morphological developments of ovaries, testes, seminal vesicles and eggs were first examined and then histologically sectioned to investigate the development of male and female germ cells. The levels of development were classified into ranked categories. The result showed that during 2006 to 2009, the development of male and female gonads was strongly correlated to water temperature. The testes were mature from April to September at the Northeast coast and from February to November at the East coast. The seminal vesicles were all filled with spermatozoa all year round in all sites. At the Northeast coast, the breeding period was shorter, range from May to September and one to two broods produced per year; whereas at the East coast, the breeding period was longer, range from February to October and two to three broods produced per year. The ovaries were almost mature (with mature oocytes) all year round in both Northeast and East coasts, yet revealed better development in T. kuroshioensis at the East coast than the Northeast coast. It is concluded that in T. kuroshioensis and T. j. formosana, the durations of testes maturation and breeding period were longer at the East coast than the Northeast coast as a result of the influence of temperature. 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z http://tdr.lib.ntu.edu.tw/jspui/handle/123456789/33286 標題: 黃楊花部器官決定同源基因的鑑定與演化; Identification and evolution of floral organ identity gene homologues in Buxus microphylla ssp. sinica (Buxaceae) 作者: Nai-Luen Huang; 黃乃倫 摘要: 目前經由模式植物阿拉伯芥的研究，建立了花部器官決定基因的調控（ABCDE 模組），即花萼由A、E 群基因共同決定，花瓣由A、B、E 群基因，雄蕊由B、C、E 群基因，而心皮由C 和E 群基因決定。A、B、C、E 四群基因在被子植物的演化過程中發生過數次的複製事件，其中比較重要的一次發生在早期被子植物演化出來之時，形成B/C/D/E 群基因的次系群；另一次複製事件則發生在真雙子葉植物基群（Basal eudicots）附近，形成僅見於核心真雙子葉植物（Core eudicots）的A/B/C/D/E 群基因之次系群。根據前人的譜系關係研究，黃楊科很接近真雙子葉植物基群第二次主要複製事件的時間點，因此鑑定黃楊科植物的花部基因，將有助於釐清調控花部器官形成基因的演化情形。黃楊（Buxus microphylla ssp. sinica）是本篇研究所使用的植物材料，共有9 個花部器官同源基因在本研究中成功被鑑定出來。其中有2 個屬於A 群基因，4 個屬於B 群基因，2 個C 群基因以及1 個E 群基因。從RT-PCR 的結果可以看到這些花部基因廣泛地表現在花部各輪器官，並不表現於葉部。唯一的例外是BumPI2，其在假雌蕊缺乏表現，而在雄蕊僅微弱表現，與其他基因的表現情形較不相同。黃楊花部器官決定基因的表現和現行的ABCDE 模組並不一致，顯示黃楊與模式植物的調控模式可能不同，但尚待進一步的研究以進行確認。另外，根據譜系分析的結果，鑑定出的黃楊花部基因分別隸屬於ABCE 不同的基因系群內，位於真雙子葉植物之中。黃楊的花部基因總是和三角咪屬或者昆欄樹屬的基因分成一群，在靠近核心真雙子葉植物的位置形成姊妹群。BumAP3-1/2/3 是分析結果中的例外，有時會和三角咪屬（Pachysandra）植物的基因一起在核心真雙子葉植物中成群，成為euAP3 基因類群的姊妹群。由序列的分析亦顯示，框移突變的模擬可以推斷黃楊的基因有高度框移突變的潛力，而框移突變可能是在基因複製事件之後導致核心真雙子葉植物分化的重要機制。; Floral organ determination is best explained by the ABCDE model postulated by genetic studies of Arabidopsis thaliana. Sepals are determined by A and E class genes; petals are determined by A, B, and E; stamens by B, C, and E; and carpels by C and E class genes. A, B, C, and E class gene lineages are known having duplicated several times during the evolution of angiosperms. One of the noted major duplication events occurred in the origin of the early angiosperms, leading to the formation of subgroups of B/C/D/E class. Another one occurred near the basal eudicots and gave rise to further subgroups in A/B/C/D/E class genes among core eudicots. The phylogenetic position of the family Buxaceae is located right where the second major duplication of ABCDE genes might have occurred, which is supported by multiple gene (nuclear 18S rDNA, chloroplast rbcL and atpB) phylogenetic analyses. Therefore, the identification and characterization of floral organ identity genes in Buxaceae is critical in elucidating the gene evolution related to floral organ formation. Floral organ identity gene homologues of Buxus microphylla ssp. sinica were screened, and nine gene homologues of B. microphylla ssp. sinica were successfully identified in this study. Two of them are A class gene homologues, four B class, two C class, and one E class. Expression patterns based on RT-PCR of floral organ identity genes of Buxus do not match with current ABCDE model. There is no expression of all identified genes in leaves, and all genes are expressed in all floral parts except BumPI2. BumPI2 does not express in pistillodes, and only weakly expresses in stamens. Whether or not the discrepancy is due to a deviation from the standard floral model awaits further examinations. According to the phylogenetic analyses, the homologous genes of Buxus belong to their expected clades, showing a position near the base of core eudicots. Genes of Buxus are always sister to genes of Pachysandra or Trochodendron,and this clade is close to core eudicots in all analysis. BumAP3 genes are the only exception that sometimes grouped with Pachysandra genes as sister group to euAP3 clade. Moreover, frameshift modulation of BumAP3-1/2/3 genes indicates their high frameshift potential and frameshift mutation might be the key mechanism occurred after duplication event and led to diversification of core eudicots. 2006-01-01T00:00:00Z