http://tdr.lib.ntu.edu.tw/jspui/handle/123456789/14 2026-03-10T18:28:07Z http://tdr.lib.ntu.edu.tw/jspui/handle/123456789/1100 標題: 點亮咖啡香：從認知語言學理解風味的跨感官表達; Brighten Up Your Coffee! Crossmodal Expressions of Flavor in Taiwan Mandarin within a Cognitive Linguistic Framework 作者: Yi-Hsuan Chang; 張亦萱 摘要: 本篇研究從認知語言學的角度出發，探討中文母語人士對風味的感受中，如何以跨感官的方式呈現。風味是直接的嗅覺與味覺體驗，然也普遍認為過於主觀、空虛、抽象，難以具體形塑與表達的感官經驗。而在經由文獻回顧後，可察覺中文母語人士在表達風味體驗時，常藉由非味覺與嗅覺的修辭，作為風味的表徵。本論文以綜觀的角度探討 風味描述中以跨感官用詞描繪的隱喻結構與種類，也從語用的視角檢視跨感官隱喻修辭的目的，進而觀察評鑑者（即說話者）與傾聽者共同建構與共鳴的現象。 本研究以質化的方式分析及檢視語料。對於飲食的感官評析，不少飲食（如紅酒、橄欖油、巧克力、咖啡等等）在製造過程中，必須經由繁瑣的官能鑑定流程，依據統一的風味輪作為量表，始能具體評斷食品的風味優劣。其中，尤以咖啡的風味表達尚未有深入的探討與研究。而咖啡統一的制式化咖啡風味輪（由Specialty Coffee Association of America制定），並無法全然與中文對應，並讓中文使用者理解。因此，為了補足現有研究的不足，本論文從錄像搜集共十小時咖啡官能鑑定過程，並人工轉寫錄影中的風味描述與評析逾兩萬字，作為研究之語料基礎。並提出三個跨感官表達結構 (1) 跨感官隱喻（即共感隱喻Synesthetic Metaphor）(2) 跨感官轉喻（即共感轉喻Synesthetic Metonymy）(3) 跨感官明喻（即共感明喻Synesthetic Simile），以進一步解析風味的表達，與不同知覺間跨感官的聯繫，或與情感、記憶、文化間的微妙關係。研究結果發現，評鑑者運用跨感官隱喻將視覺、聽覺與觸覺中的描繪詞轉而形容風味，跨感官轉喻則為概念式隱喻多是上、少是下(More is up, less is down)環環相扣，而跨感官明喻則藉由意象基模(Image schema)與原形理論(Prototype theory)以期在風味描述中達到說服、感性鋪陳、或感同身受等溝通目的。 再者，本文也提出不同於以往研究中跨感官表現的方向性，並提出可能的修改方向。最後，本論文旨在彰顯跨感官結構在知覺感受表達中所扮演的重要角色，並提倡在語言學中建立知覺與言談(Perception and Discourse)為一研究領域。藉由提出風味表達中的共感隱喻、共感轉喻、及共感明喻的結構，本論文探究嗅覺、味覺與其他知覺如何互動、整合。透過多模態隱喻詮釋，解析語言之於知覺與文化的關聯性，希望能跳脫單純的語言結構與詞彙的脈絡，從認知語言學的角度，進一步釐清人類認知與感受的歷程。; This study aims to explore how flavor is conceptualized crossmodally in perceptions from the perspective of cognitive linguistics by analyzing data collected from coffee cupping events in Taiwan. Although the instinctive senses of smell, taste, and flavor are shared by all, the instrumental convergence of language seems impracticable for conveying such subjective, elusive, and abstract sensation. However, it is through language that our experience of flavor can be reconstructed, evaluated, and expressed (Dyer 2011). The gap between the inexpressible nature of the so-called primitive sensations (i.e., of smell and taste) and language is bridged through figurative expressions like metaphors and similes. Notwithstanding, rarely can we identify the Chinese counterparts of English flavor descriptors, nor is the language of savoring experiences in Chinese well studied. Although coffee cupping involves abundant crossmodal expressions, previous studies have scarcely addressed coffee cupping; instead, wine tasting is a more common topic. To bridge this research gap, the current study conducts a corpus-based investigation on cupping data involving 27,043 words from a 10-hour recording. Based on previous flavor researches (e.g., Paradis, 2013), this study places emphasis on the following three aspects to investigate the highly context-dependent synesthetic expressions (i.e., expressions of crossmodal mappings) found during coffee cupping: crossmodal metaphor (i.e., synesthetic metaphor), crossmodal metonymy (i.e., synesthetic metonymy), and crossmodal simile (i.e., synesthetic simile). However, different from the hypotheses of previous researches, we propose a novel directionality of perceptual transfers in crossmodal interactions. In fact, there is no particular rule that crossmodality in linguistic expressions must obey or violate a certain directionality in terms of the perceptual and conceptual mechanisms within sensory expressions. According to our findings, the crossmodal metaphors featuring interactions across touch, sight, taste, and smell are regarded as synesthetic metaphors; the crossmodal metonymy is in fact transferred from the general conceptual metaphor of MORE IS UP, LESS IS DOWN, and is referred as synesthetic metonymy; the crossmodal associating (i.e. synesthetic simile), analyzed through Image schema and Prototype theory, constructs two pathways of both human cognition and emotion in order to perceptually comprehend and emotionally participate flavor experiences. In sum, three complicated crossmodal formations (i.e., synesthetic metaphor, metonymy, and simile) have been established simply due to the human cognitive ability to demonstrate linguistic representation as a unity of senses (see Marks, 1978). Further, by thoroughly analyzing synesthetic forms and functions, the present study aims to deepen an understanding of the emerging role of crossmodality in flavor expressions through the elaboration of the linguistic mechanisms of flavor expressions. By analyzing the flavor expressions that occur in coffee cupping, the study turns over a new leaf in research efforts on the relations among language, cognition, and perception. 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z http://tdr.lib.ntu.edu.tw/jspui/handle/123456789/4932 標題: 體現與生成詞彙之交會：以台灣總統演講中的身體隱喻為例; When Embodiment Meets Generative Lexicon: The Human Body Part Metaphors in Taiwan Presidential Speeches 作者: Ren-feng Duann; 段人鳯 摘要: 本論文旨在結合體現 (embodiment) 和生成詞彙 (generative lexicon) 兩大理論。藉由分析台灣總統語料庫中，由身體部位名稱構成之隱喻�轉喻，本論文凸顯這兩大理論可互補彼此之不足：透過彰顯意義產生的認知層面，體現彌補了生成詞彙未對意義來源說明的缺憾；生成詞彙，特別是物性結構 (qualia structure)，則藉由解釋身體部位做為隱喻�轉喻的選擇限制，來補強體現。我們分析了台灣總統語料庫中的四個身體部位－血、肉、骨、脈－作為隱喻�轉喻的用法，試圖回答下列問題： (1) 體現 (embodiment) 和生成詞彙 (generative lexicon) 如何互補？生成詞彙中的物性角色 (qualia role) 導致身體部位之隱喻�轉喻的使用？抑或是身體部位做為隱喻�轉喻的使用有助於提取該部位之物性角色？ (2) 物性結構如何限制身體部位之隱喻�轉喻的使用？ (3) 物性結構和生成詞彙機制 (generative mechanisms) 如何影響涉及身體部位的隱喻�轉喻之形成和理解？ (4) 國家領導人如何藉由身體部位名詞來表達政治思維？他們對於身體部位的隱喻�轉喻使用如何反映政治脈絡？ 本論文相信，不同的身體部位，以其功能和特徵，在政治演講中會有不同的用法。不同的政治思維也會反映在身體部位名稱的隱喻�轉喻使用上，而變遷的政治環境也會造成不同領導者對於同一身體部位的不同使用。我們也假設，身體部位之能見度 (visibility) 和功能 (telic) 角色為驅使該部位隱喻和轉喻的使用之最重要因素。 　　 本論文對於概念隱喻、生成詞彙和政治話語等研究皆有所貢獻。在方法上，本論文修改了 Pragglejaz Group於2007年所提出之隱喻辨識程序 (metaphor identification procedure)，為中文語料之隱喻辨識提出了較佳的方法。再者，本論文納入生成詞彙理論，俾便研究者更正確地推導出涉及身體部位的隱喻和轉喻，且有助於這類語言現象的理解。在理論上，本論文建立了物性角色和隱喻之間的相互關聯，同時也預測，身體部位的能見度和功能性為促成其隱喻�轉喻使用的最重要因素。在政治話語研究方面，本論文有系統的分析了台灣總統演講中，身體部位的隱喻�轉喻使用，彰顯了政治脈絡如何影響身體部位詞彙的使用。; This dissertation integrates embodiment with generative lexicon. By analyzing the metaphorically/metonymically used human body part terminology in the Taiwan Presidential Corpus, a representative sample of the Taiwanese leadership rhetoric, we reveal how these two theories complement each other on the one hand, and disclose how the changing political context leads to the discriminated uses of the corporeal terms on the other hand. We argue that the two theories can complement each other: Embodiment strengthens generative lexicon by spelling out the cognitive reasons which motivate meaning generation; and generative lexicon, specifically the qualia structure, reinforces embodiment by accounting for the reason underlying the selection of a particular body part for metaphorization. Choosing to analyze how the four body parts—血 xie ‘blood’, 肉 rou ‘flesh’, 骨 gu ‘bone’, 脈 mai ‘meridian’—behave in the Taiwan Presidential Corpus, this dissertation aims to answer the following questions: (1) How do embodiment and generative lexicon interact? Does the qualia role influence the metaphorical/metonymical use of the body part terms? Or does the metaphorical/metonymical use of the body part terms facilitate the retrieval of the qualia role? (2) What is the significance of qualia structure in constraining the selection of body parts for metaphorical/metonymical use? (3) What is the significance of the qualia structure and the generative mechanisms in the formulation and comprehension of the conceptual pairings involving body parts? (4) How are political ideas conceptualized by the country leadership’s use of corporeal terminology? In other words, how can we establish the association between the activation of certain body parts and a certain political context? This dissertation, built on the potentiality to incorporate embodiment and generative lexicon, investigates the body part metaphors/metonyms used in the leadership rhetoric in Taiwan. We hypothesize that different body parts are activated in different ways in political speeches due to their distinctive features and functions, and the visibility and telicity of a body part are the major reasons why the body part is chosen for metaphorical/metonymical use. Moreover, different political agenda are likely to be reflected in the particular uses of corporeal terms, and the change of the socio-political context should lead to the diverging uses of an identical body part referred to in the speeches. This dissertation will contribute to research on conceptual metaphor, generative lexicon, as well as political discourse. Methodologically, this research, modifying the metaphor identification procedure (Pragglejaz Group 2007), provides a better solution for metaphor identification in Chinese data. With the incorporation of generative lexicon, it furthermore facilitates the researcher to more accurately formulate the conceptual mappings involving body part terms, and to better comprehend metaphorically used body parts. Theoretically, taking generative lexicon into consideration, it establishes correlation between qualia roles and the conceptual mappings. Based on the findings, it also predicts that the visibility and telicity of a body part are the most dominant reasons which activate the choice of a body part for metaphorical/metonymical use. In the light of political discourse, it systematically analyzes how the human body parts are interweaved in the country leadership rhetoric, revealing the influence exerted by political context upon the use of corporeal terminology. 2014-01-01T00:00:00Z http://tdr.lib.ntu.edu.tw/jspui/handle/123456789/93547 標題: 韻律重音對臺灣華語自然語料中雙元音縮減之影響： 以 /aɪ/ 為例; The Effect of Prosodic Prominence on Diphthong Reduction in Taiwan Mandarin Spontaneous Speech – Using /aɪ/ as an example 作者: 陳玠青; Chieh-Ching Chen 摘要: 元音縮減在自然語料中乃常見現象。先前的研究顯示韻律重音、資訊可預測性和社會語言學等因素會影響元音縮減。其中，韻律重音是影響重音計時語言中元音縮減的關鍵因素。臺灣華語作為音節計時的聲調語言，韻律重音的有無以聲調完整性呈現。在這個研究中，我們探討聲調縮減是否和元音縮減有關。透過具有兩個元音標的的雙元音 /aɪ/，我們研究韻律重音、資訊可預測性和社會語言學因素如何與臺灣華語自然語料中的雙元音縮減相互作用。結果顯示，/aɪ/ 的縮減主要以兩個元音目標合併的單元音化形式進行。此外，重音程度較低的雙元音保留率較低，縮減成中央母音的比例較高，時長較短，且兩個元音標的的舌位向口腔中央縮減。另外，韻律重音在元音縮減上比資訊可預測性具有更大的影響。在社會意涵上，我們並未發現性別或地域上的差異，顯示 /aɪ/ 的縮減可能並不負面。不過，雖然在縮減方面沒有發現地域差異，但南部人在臺灣華語中對 /aɪ/ 的發聲舌位較北部人更靠近口腔邊緣，這可能緣於閩語的負遷移。; Vowel reduction is frequently observed in spontaneous speech. Previous studies have shown that prosodic prominence, information predictability, and sociolinguistic factors influence acoustic vowel reduction. Among them, prosodic prominence was considered a key factor affecting vowel reduction in stress-timed languages. Taiwan Mandarin as a syllable-timed tonal language realizes prosodic prominence via tonal completeness. In this study, we explored whether vowel reduction could be found in tonal reduction. By studying the diphthong /aɪ/, which has two vowel targets, we examined how the effects of prosodic prominence, information predictability, and sociolinguistic factors interact with vowel reduction in Mandarin spontaneous speech. Results showed that /aɪ/ reduction is mostly in the form of monophthongization with two vowel targets merged. Moreover, diphthongs with a lower level of stress had a lower retention rate, a higher centralization rate, shorter duration, and formant undershoot on both vowel targets. Furthermore, prosodic prominence revealed a much larger effect on vowel reduction than information predictability. Also, the reduction of /aɪ/ likely lacks a negative connotation since no gender or regional difference was found. Finally, although regional variation was not found in reduction, southerners had more expanded realization of /aɪ/ in Taiwan Mandarin than northerners, which is likely attributed to negative Min transfer. 2024-01-01T00:00:00Z http://tdr.lib.ntu.edu.tw/jspui/handle/123456789/27887 標題: 非詞覆誦作業與音韻發展之探討; Nonword Repetition and Phonological Development 作者: Naihsin Li; 李乃欣 摘要: 文獻中對於非辭覆誦作業所測量的能力可歸納為兩個假說，分別為音韻記憶假說及音韻覺識假說（Gathercole, 2006）。本研究旨在探究音韻記憶及音韻覺識對於孩童在非詞覆誦表現的相對預測效度，尤其關注孩童音韻能力的角色。研究中以三樣分析來觀察非詞覆誦作業及音韻發展的關係：（1）音韻發展是否直接促進非詞覆誦表現；（2）與非詞覆誦作業相關之測量彼此的相關性；（3）音韻能力對非詞覆誦作業的預測效度。參與受試者為30名三歲孩童及30名四歲孩童，其中每個年齡組裡15名孩童為實驗組，而另15名為對照組。所有孩童皆接受前測，測量作業包含：字彙量、音韻口語輸出能力、音韻覺識能力、記憶廣度、發音速度及非詞覆誦。完成前測後，實驗組接受十天的發音訓練，而對照組則未接受訓練。十天之後，所有孩童再接受後測。結果顯示發音訓練並未促進實驗組音韻能力的顯著進步，於是我們無法藉此實驗印證音韻發展與非詞覆誦作業之間的因果關係。關連性測量分析顯示與非詞覆誦作業相關的測量之間並非彼此獨立。而藉由迴歸分析我們進一步發現在非詞覆誦整體表現中，記憶廣度、音韻口語輸出能力、及發音速度有顯著貢獻，而其中又以記憶廣度的貢獻度最大。但不可忽略的是音韻口語輸出能力也有相當的貢獻度，唯音韻處理的過程可能被非詞覆誦裡的較長刺激所造成的記憶負擔所遮蔽。檢視孩童在一字非詞覆誦的表現時，孩童的音韻口語輸出能力貢獻最大，而記憶廣度僅在音韻空缺非詞一字覆誦時略有貢獻。由此研究可得知在中文孩童在覆誦非詞時，記憶量及音韻分析能力都是關鍵能力，但當新詞長度不長時，孩童當下的音韻口語輸出能力，或音韻處理能力，對習得的成功與否有決定性影響。; Two competing hypotheses are raised regarding what nonword repetition measures, respectively the phonological storage hypothesis and the phonological sensitivity hypothesis (Gathercole, 2006). The present study investigates the relative predictive power of the phonological storage and the phonological sensitivity to children's nonword repetition performance, with particular interest in the role of children's phonological abilities. The relationship between the phonological development and nonword repetition performance was inspected from three aspects: (1) the direct evidence of the facilitative role of phonological development to nonword repetition; (2) the correlational relationships among measures related to nonword repetition; (3) the predictive power of phonological development to nonword repetition, relative to phonological storage. Participants were thirty 3-year-old and thirty 4-year-old kindergarten children, half of which were assigned as the experimental groups, and the other half of which as the control groups. All the children were pretested with vocabulary size, output phonology, phonological awareness ability, digit span, articulation rate, and nonword repetition. Then the experimental groups received 10 days of articulation training; whereas the control groups received no training. Then all the children were posttested. Results showed that the articulation training didn't effectively enhance prominent growth in the experimental groups' phonological abilities; therefore, the causal relationship between children's phonological development and their performance in nonword repetition couldn’t be established. Correlation analysis revealed that abilities related to nonword repetition weren’t independent of each other. Factors contributing to nonword repetition included digit span, output phonology and articulation rate, among which digit span made the most contribution when overall performance in nonword repetition was concerned. However, the facilitative role of phonological processing was of considerable importance, whose contribution may be masked by heavy memory demand caused by the length stimuli. When children's performance in nonword 1-word list repetition was considered, children's output phonology made the greatest contribution, and digit span was effective only in gap-word 1-word list repetition. It was suggested that both memory capacity and phonological analysis ability contribute to Mandarin-speaking children's nonword repetition; however, when the novel item to be learned is short, children's output phonology, or phonological processing ability at the moment determines the success of learning. 2007-01-01T00:00:00Z