類別:

黴菌毒素清除劑對於黃麴毒素B1與嘔吐毒素吸附能力之比較

2021-06-15T12:35:53Z

標題: 黴菌毒素清除劑對於黃麴毒素B1與嘔吐毒素吸附能力之比較; Comparison of Adsorption Capacity of Mycotoxin Detoxification Agents on Aflatoxin B1 and Deoxynivalenol 作者: Kai-Wei Huang; 黃凱瑋摘要: 本研究旨在探討不同黴菌毒素吸附劑吸附黃麴毒素B1（aflatoxin B1, AFB1）和嘔吐毒素（deoxynivalenol, DON）的能力。試驗使用不同劑量的無機吸附劑包含水合矽酸鋁鈣鈉（hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate, HSCAS）、沸石粉、竹炭粉和有機吸附劑包含瘤胃原蟲凍乾粉末、酵母粉分別給予0.1、0.2和0.5%之劑量，以及菌數為1010 CFU/mL的Lactobacillus rhamnosus strain GG（LGG）凍乾粉末進行個別1 ppm AFB1和2 ppm DON吸附測試，分別於磷酸鹽緩衝液（phosphate buffered saline, PBS）、模擬胃液（simulated gastric juice, SG）和模擬胃腸消化液（simulated gastrointestinal digestion, SGI）中比較吸附率。研究結果顯示AFB1吸附測試中，不管處於PBS、SG和SGI的狀態下，無機吸附劑吸附AFB1能力皆顯著大於有機吸附劑（P＜0.05），而在有機吸附劑中，以LGG效果最好（P＜0.05）。DON的吸附測試中，於PBS環境中，竹炭粉擁有最好的吸附能力（P＜0.05），但當處於SGI中，以有機吸附劑和沸石粉有最好的吸附能力（P＜0.05），但所有吸附劑在SG和SGI中對於DON的吸附能力均不達30%。綜述論之，於AFB1吸附測試中，無機吸附劑吸附能力大於有機吸附劑，但DON的吸附測試中，所有吸附劑對於DON的吸附能力皆不彰，因此有必要往其他吸附劑或是其他去毒方式研究。; The objective of this study was to test on the selected common mycotoxin adsorbents to adsorb aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and deoxynivalenol (DON). Inorganic adsorbents (HSCAS, zeolite and bamboo charcoal) and organic adsorbents (rumen protozoa and yeast powder) were given 0.1, 0.2 and 0.5% in test. Lactobacillus rhamnosus strain GG（LGG）were given 1010 CFU/mL. All groups were tested for their ability to adsorb 1 ppm AFB1 and 2 ppm DON in PBS, simulated gastric juice (SG) and simulated gastrointestinal digestion (SGI), respectively. Results indicated that inorganic adsorbents had better ability to adsorb AFB1 than organic adsorbents (P＜0.05) in PBS, SG and SGI. In organic adsorbents, LGG had the best ability to adsorb AFB1. In the test of DON adsorption, bamboo charcoal had the best ability to adsorb DON in PBS. But, zeolite and organic adsorbents had the best ability to adsorb DON in SGI. However, all adsorbents had lower than 30% binding levels of DON in SG and SGI. In conclusion, inorganic adsorbents had better ability to adsorb AFB1 than organic adsorbents. All adsorbents had inferior binding capability of DON. It is necessary to find other adsorbent or detoxification method to remove DON from feeds.

黑水虻處理雞糞對微生物相及含蟲油之飼糧對蛋雞產蛋性能、腸道型態與菌相之影響

2025-09-10T16:26:59Z

標題: 黑水虻處理雞糞對微生物相及含蟲油之飼糧對蛋雞產蛋性能、腸道型態與菌相之影響; Effects of black soldier fly-treated poultry manure on microbial community and its oil inclusion on laying hen performance, intestinal morphology, and microbiota 作者: 吳昀穎; Yun-Ying Wu 摘要: 家禽飼養過程中常使用抗菌藥物以治療疾病，部分藥物可能以未代謝或仍具活性的形式排出體外，導致雞糞中抗生素殘留，並促進抗藥性菌株的增長，進而成為抗生素抗藥性基因（antibiotic resistance genes, ARGs）累積與擴散的重要來源。ARGs可經由垂直或水平傳播進入環境，並可能藉由食物鏈影響人類健康。黑水虻（Hermetia illucens）為一種腐食性昆蟲，能有效分解各種有機廢棄物，並將其轉化為高蛋白與高脂質的生物質。其中，黑水虻蟲油（black soldier fly oil, BSFO）富含中鏈脂肪酸（medium-chain fatty acids, MCFAs），以月桂酸（lauric acid, C12:0）含量最為豐富。研究顯示，月桂酸具有良好的抑菌效果，其可以透過調控TLR4/NF-κB訊號傳導路徑，增加腸道屏障功能，對腸道健康具有潛在益處。腸道微生物群落是個複雜而多樣的系統，對於家禽的健康和生理功能扮演重要的角色，且易受動物年齡和飼糧組成等許多因素影響。然而，關於BSFO作為飼料油脂來源對蛋雞腸道免疫功能與健康的影響仍缺乏深入探討。本研究分為兩個部分，試驗一以雞糞飼養黑水虻，於處理第0、6與12天，採集糞便與蟲體樣本，透過即時定量聚合酶連鎖反應分析8種雞糞中常見的ARGs，包含Sul1、tetA、tetB、tetG、blaTEM、blaCTX、blaSHV及qnrB；並結合16S rRNA定序，探討黑水虻處理對基質菌群結構的影響。同時，利用塗佈平板法測定大腸桿菌、乳酸菌及腸桿菌的菌落數。結果顯示，黑水虻處理可顯著減少基質中大腸桿菌菌落數；然而，16S rRNA定序仍偵測到如Pseudomonas、Erysipelothrix等潛在病原菌。此外，ARGs分析結果顯示，黑水虻處理沒有顯著減少基質中blaSHV、tetB和Sul1表現，且蟲體中仍可檢測到抗藥性基因殘留，顯示以廢棄物飼養黑水虻仍存在安全風險。試驗二評估不同比例BSFO取代飼糧中大豆油對蛋雞生產性能與腸道健康之影響。本次試驗採用42隻57週齡羅曼褐殼蛋雞，並將其隨機分配至對照組（100%大豆油）、20% BSFO組（替代飼糧中20%大豆油）以及40% BSFO組（替代飼糧中40%大豆油），試驗為期8週。於試驗過程中記錄體重、產蛋率與蛋重，於第8週採集血液、腸道組織及盲腸內容物，並利用16S rRNA定序分析菌相。結果顯示，BSFO不影響蛋雞體重、產蛋率或蛋重。此外，蛋黃顏色、蛋白高度和豪氏單位組間無顯著差異，但蛋殼強度隨BSFO比例增加而降低（p < 0.05），推測可能因飽和脂肪酸容易與鈣形成皂化物，降低鈣吸收。而血液生化值是評估動物健康生理狀況的重要因素，結果顯示白蛋白、球蛋白、天門冬胺酸轉胺酶、膽固醇及三酸甘油酯在各組間無顯著差異（p > 0.05），顯示BSFO不影響蛋雞健康狀態及血脂代謝。在腸道結構分析中，20% BSFO組十二指腸絨毛長度減少（p < 0.05）；同時，20%和40% BSFO組十二指腸與迴腸IL-1β表現量升高（p < 0.05），且20%與40% BSFO組空腸CLDN基因表現量顯著減少（p < 0.05），顯示BSFO可能誘導局部發炎反應並削弱腸道屏障功能，推測是因為BSFO的替代增加飼糧中飽和脂肪酸並減少Omega-6含量，刺激TLR4/NF-κB路徑，增加促炎因子釋放，導致腸道屏障功能受損。此外，菌相分析結果表示，各組菌群α多樣性沒有顯著差異，優勢菌門皆以厚壁菌門（Firmicutes）和擬桿菌門（Bacteroidetes）為主。然而，β多樣性分析顯示各處理組之間菌群組成有顯著差異（p < 0.05），BSFO組如Syngergistes及Flavonifractor菌屬相對豐度增加，相關代謝途徑包含泛酸、輔酶A合成及支鏈胺基酸代謝，可能促進短鏈脂肪酸生成，進而影響腸道免疫與屏障功能。綜上所述， BSFO不影響蛋雞生產性能及血液生化值，但高比例替代可能降低蛋殼強度，並透過改變脂肪酸組成誘導腸道局部炎症，同時影響菌群結構與代謝功能。黑水虻飼養基質對於蟲體應用價值及品質至關重要，未來可透過優化基質，調整黑水虻蟲油脂肪酸比例，進一步提升其於家禽腸道健康之應用。; In poultry farming, antimicrobial drugs are commonly used for disease prevention and treatment. However, some drugs may be excreted in unmetabolized or active forms, leading to the presence of antibiotic residues and bacterial strains in manure. Consequently, manure serves as a significant reservoir for the accumulation and dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), which can be transmitted vertically or horizontally into the environment and may indirectly affect human health through the food chain. The black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) is a saprophagous insect capable of decomposing various organic wastes and converting them into protein and lipid. Black soldier fly oil (BSFO), extracted from the larvae, is rich in medium－chain fatty acids (MCFAs), particularly lauric acid (C12:0), which can comprise 40–50% of the total fatty acids. Previous studies have demonstrated that lauric acid exhibits antimicrobial activity and enhance intestinal barrier function by modulating the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway, thereby potentially benefiting gut health. The gut microbiota constitutes a complex and diverse ecosystem that plays a crucial role in physiological functions of poultry. It is affected by multiple factors, including the animal’s age and diets. However, the effects of BSFO as a lipid source on intestinal health and immune function in laying hens remain inadequately explored. This study consists of two parts. In trial one, black soldier fly were reared on manure, and samples were collected on days 0, 6, and 12. Quantitative PCR was used to detect eight common ARGs in manure: Sul1、tetA、tetB、tetG、blaTEM、blaCTX、blaSHV and qnrB. Traditional plating methods were used to quantify Escherichia coli, Enterobacteriaceae, and Lactobacillus spp. Results indicated that manure decomposed by the black soldier fly significantly reduced the counts of E. coli colony. However, 16S rRNA sequencing revealed the continued presence of potential pathogens such as Pseudomonas and Erysipelothrix. Also, ARGs such as blaSHV, tetB, or Sul1 remained detectable in both manure and larvae, suggesting biosafety concerns when rearing larvae on waste. In trial two, evaluated the effects of replacing soybean oil with varying proportions of BSFO on production performance and gut health in laying hens. Forty-two 57-week-old Roman brown hens were randomly distributed to 3 groups: control (100% soybean oil), 20% BSFO replacement, and 40% BSFO replacement. The trial lasted 8 weeks, during which body weight, egg production rate, and egg weight were recorded. At week 8, blood, intestinal tissues, and cecal contents were collected for 16S rRNA sequencing to analyze gut microbiota. Results indicated the production performance and egg quality were unaffected (p > 0.05), except for a decrease in eggshell strength at higher BSFO levels (p < 0.05), possibly due to reduced calcium absorption from saturated fatty acids. Blood biochemical parameters, including albumin, globulin, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), cholesterol, and triglycerides, also showed no significant different. However, intestinal analysis revealed that the villus height in the duodenum reduced in the 20% BSFO group (p < 0.05). Moreover, IL-1β expression in the duodenum and ileum was elevated in both the 20% and 40% BSFO groups, while claudin (CLDN) gene expression in the jejunum was significantly reduced (p < 0.05). These effects may be linked to increased saturated fat and reduced omega-6 content in BSFO, potentially activating the TLR4/NF-κB pathway. Microbiota analysis showed no significant differences in alpha diversity across groups, with Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes dominating the microbial communities. However, beta diversity analysis revealed significant differences in microbial composition between treatments (p < 0.05). The relative abundance of genera include Synergistes and Flavonifractor increased in BSFO groups. These bacteria are involved in metabolic pathways related to pantothenic acid, coenzyme A biosynthesis, and branched-chain amino acid metabolism, which may enhance short-chain fatty acid production and thereby influence gut immunity and barrier function. In conclusion, BSFO substitution did not affect laying hen production performance or blood biochemistry, but higher replacement may reduce eggshell strength and induce intestinal inflammation by altering fatty acid composition. This leads to weakened barrier function in microbial structure and metabolic pathway. The choice of substrate for rearing black soldier flies critically impacts the safety and quality of insect-derived products. Future research should focus on optimizing rearing substrates and modulating the fatty acid profile of BSFO to enhance its potential benefits for poultry gut health.

鹼處理稻草稈及太陽麻乾草於泌乳羊飼糧之應用

2021-05-15T18:01:17Z

標題: 鹼處理稻草稈及太陽麻乾草於泌乳羊飼糧之應用; The Application of Alkali-treated Rice Straw and Sunn Hemp as Alternative Forage for Dairy Goats 作者: Tsai-Jou Chou; 周采柔摘要: 太陽麻乾草與稻草稈為臺灣常見的綠肥作物與農業副產物，含有豐富的結構性碳水化合物，可作為泌乳羊的能量來源，並提供維持瘤胃功能所需的纖維。鹼處理可使纖維結構變的鬆散，擴大瘤胃纖維分解菌的附著面積，提高反芻動物對植物細胞壁的消化及利用效率。以乾基5% NaOH與2.5% H2O2 分別對太陽麻乾草與稻草稈進行鹼處理2週後，其體外消化乾物質消化率 ( IVDMD ) 與未處理之太陽麻乾草及稻草稈比較，前者提高15%，後者為63%。將鹼處理及未處理太陽麻乾草與稻草稈依0：100、20：80、40：60、60：40、80：20、100：0比例混合進行體外發酵，總產氣量、IVDMD及中洗纖維消化率 ( IVNDFD ) 測定結果皆隨著鹼處理芻料含量增加而提升。依上述結果採用鹼處理與未處理混合比例為60：40的太陽麻乾草及80：20的稻草稈進行替代性芻料的泌乳羊試驗。本試驗使用6隻過泌乳高峰經產之阿爾拜因 ( Alpine ) 泌乳山羊，採2重複 3 x 3拉丁方試驗設計，共有3個試驗期 ( 17天適應期、4天採樣期 )，依芻料的種類分為三個處理組：對照組 ( 苜蓿乾草、百慕達草 )；稻草處理組 ( 苜蓿乾草、稻草稈 )；太陽麻處理組 ( 太陽麻乾草、百慕達草 )。試驗期間，於每日的07：00及19：00進行擠奶與餵飼。試驗結果顯示，稻草組有最高的乾物質採食量 ( 2136.0 g/head/day ) 但在三處理組間沒有顯著差異；太陽麻處理組的中洗纖維採食量顯著較另外兩組低。表面消化率的部分，太陽麻處理組的乾物質消化率較稻草處理組高，與對照組相似，非纖維性碳水化合物的表面消化率，稻草組較其他兩處理組低。三處理組在乳產量 ( 1962.2、2034.5、1737.5 mL/day ) 及乳組成方面沒有顯著差異，稻草組的乳氮含量顯著高於太陽麻組，氮滯留的部分則沒有出現差異。綜合以上結果，以含有部分鹼處理的太陽麻乾草與稻草稈分別取代苜蓿乾草及百慕達草餵予泌乳羊，對乾物質採食量及生產表現不會造成負面影響。利用鹼處理方法確實提高纖維性副產物的品質，國產農業副產物經鹼處理後具有作為替代性芻料的潛力。; Sunn hemp ( SH ) and rice straw ( RS ) are common agriculture cover-crop and by-product in Taiwan. They are high in cell wall carbohydrates and can be incorporated into the diet of dairy goats as a source of energy as well as providing the dietary fiber to ensure normal ruminal function. The alkaline hydrogen peroxide ( AHP ) treatment can increase bacterial colonization and adhesion to fiber particles and increase the rate and extent of fiber digestion in the rumen. Sodium hydroxide and H2O2 were added to the SH and RS at 5.0% and 2.5% of the dry matter, respectively and then set for 2 weeks. The in vitro dry matter digestion ( IVDMD ) of SH and RS was improved 15% and 63% after AHP treatment. Total gas production, IVDMD and neutral detergent fiber digestion ( IVNDFD ) increased, as the percentage of AHP-treated substrate was elevated in incubation. According to the result of in vitro test, we chosed the ratio of AHP-treated: untreated of SH and RS as 60:40 and 80:20 in dairy goat feeding study. Six multiparous Alpine goats in mid-lactation were used in two replications of 3 x 3 Latin square design. Each experiment period included 21 day, the first 17 d were used for adjustment to diets followed by 4 d of sample and data collection. There were 3 treatment diets: control ( alfalfa hay, bermudagrass ), rice straw ( alfalfa hay, rice straw ), and sun hemp ( sunn hemp, bermudagrass ). Goats were fed and milked daily at 0700 and 1900 during the trial. Goats in RS group had the highest dry matter intake ( 2136.0 g/head/day ), but there were no significant different among three treatment groups. The neutral detergent fiber ( NDF ) intake of SH group was less than the other groups. Sunn hemp group had higher dry matter digestibility than rice straw group, however, no significantly different to control group. Rice straw group had the lowest non-fiber carbohydrate digestibility. There was no significant difference observed in milk yields among control, RS and SH groups ( 1962.2, 2034.5, 1737.5 mL/day ), milk composition and N retention among three treatment groups. In conclusion, there was no negative effect on dry matter intake and performance of dairy goats when replacing alfalfa hay with sunn hemp, or bermudagrass with rice straw. AHP-treatment actually improves the quality of alternative forages. And it proves that, domestic agriculture cover-crop and by-products have potential as the alternative forage for ruminants after pretreatment.

鹼前處理與Bacillus spp.生物分解後豬毛進行厭氧消化之研究

2021-06-17T08:39:13Z

標題: 鹼前處理與Bacillus spp.生物分解後豬毛進行厭氧消化之研究; Research on anaerobic digestion of pig hair after alkali pretreatment and biodegradation by Bacillus spp. 作者: Ting-Hsuan Yu; 于庭萱摘要: 豬毛為含有高比例角蛋白的屠宰廢棄物，角蛋白的結構穩固使其不易被降解，但化學處理與角蛋白酶可將其分解並將其轉換為可溶性蛋白質。而厭氧消化可將廢棄物有機質轉換為可再生的能源利用，如沼氣。本研究目的為評估經前處理豬毛及水解液用於厭氧消化中對提升甲烷生成效率的影響。本研究使用低濃度鹼液及菌株Bacillus licheniformis 11594分別進行前處理分解，為了實驗觀察，選擇具完整豬毛外形的處理組進行後續試驗。厭氧消化中皆添加豬糞污泥作為菌種來源，首先比較經過低濃度鹼液前處理或微生物前處理之乾燥豬毛與無添加豬毛的對照組之沼氣產氣量；再以含水解液的豬毛處理組及對照組進行沼氣產氣量比較；最後使用不同分解時間下，含水解液與豬毛的處理組作為消化受質對甲烷產量的影響。在前處理試驗結果，鹼前處理可以顯著提高Bacillus spp分解效率，並隨培養時間提升分解率。而在厭氧消化實驗中，30日間豬毛鹼前處理與未處理組之總產氣量分別為1310與1443 mL，相較於產237 mL沼氣的污泥，含豬毛組別產氣量皆顯著較高；但鹼前處理組在甲烷生成量上顯著低於未處理組。而在不同分解時間下含水解液的全溶液試驗中，在短時間(4日)前處理組之總產氣量顯著最高，而其他兩者(8與16日)亦高於純污泥組；但在總甲烷生成量上，16日前處理與純污泥組則未產生顯著差異。另外，以含水解液與豬毛的溶液作為受質試驗中，純污泥產氣量高，且各處理組間沒有差異。應是由於厭氧消化反應器於試驗之初所接種的豬糞污泥，攜帶部分豬糞中未分解有機質，進而影響反應器中污泥對於難分解角蛋白之利用率，使豬毛添加效果不佳。綜上所述，乾燥豬毛添加於厭氧污泥中可顯著提升沼氣產量與甲烷量，但前處理不影響產氣效率；而使用含水解液豬毛受質時，4日前處理時間有最佳效果，且易分解有機質量也是共消化時的重要影響因子。; Pig hair is one of slaughter wastes which contains high contents of keratins. The structure of keratins is recalcitrant made them hard to be biodegraded. But some chemical agents and keratinase are capable of destructing keratins to become soluble proteins. Besides, anaerobic digestion of organic matters in the slaughterhouse wastes can recover renewable energy, e.g. biogas, from the treatment process. The objective of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of biogas production from anaerobic digestion of alkali and microbial pretreated pig hair. A combination of hydrolysis with low concentration alkali solution and biodegradation by Bacillus licheniformis 11594 strain was performed as the pretreatment process. Those treated pig hairs with obvious hair appearance were used as the substrate for all time course experiments. Pig manure sludge was used as the sole inoculum for all time course experiments of anaerobic digestion. For the first batch, gas production of pretreated dried pig hair, which was pretreated with alkaline or the biodegradation, was compared with control group which no pig hair was add. For the second batch, addition of pig hair and its hydrolysate were compared with the control group. For the third batch, anaerobic digestion of pig hair and hydrolysate for promoting the methane production under different degradation time periods was investigated. Results of pig hair pretreatment experiments showed that the alkali pretreated pig hair increased the efficiency of microbial degradation by Bacillus spp. with prolonged cultivation time. Results of anaerobic digestion showed that the total gas production of alkali pretreated pig hair group and untreated pig hair group in a 30-d time period was 1310 and 1443 mL, respectively. Gas production of the group with pig hair addition increased significantly comparing to that of the control group (237 mL). However, the methane production in the alkali pretreated group was significantly lower than that of the untreated group. Among the hydrolysate addition groups under different degradation time period, the shorter cultivation time (a 4-d time period) group and the better its performance. Gas production of other groups (8- and 16-d time period) also much higher than that of the control group. Moreover, there was no significant difference between the 16-d time period pretreated group and the control in methane production. For the experiments of both pig hair and its hydrolysate addition, the control group carried out better gas production, but there was no significant difference on gas production between the control and any treatment groups. Because there were some easily biodegradable organic matters carried into anaerobic digester when inoculated with pig sludge. They might affect utilization of tough bio-degraded keratin and gas production during anaerobic digestion of pig hair. In conclusion, addition of dried pig hair in anaerobic digesters increased gas and methane production, but pretreatment of pig hair did not affect the efficiency of gas production. When the pig hair hydrolysate was used as the substrate, the group of a 4-d biodegradation pretreatment achieved best results. Besides, easily decomposed organic matters content was an important factor of anaerobic digestion.