工業區污染物排放及健康風險整合分析-以高雄前鎮科技產業園區為例

Abstract

都市型工業區的合法排放雖符合現行法規標準，然其在特定時空條件下仍造成鄰近居民健康風險。本研究以高雄前鎮科技產業園區為案例，建立「操作許可證排放資料－AERMOD擴散模擬－HARP多媒介健康風險模型」之評估架構，針對苯、甲苯、乙苯、二甲苯、甲醛與六價鉻等六項有害空氣污染物，模擬其在四行政區（前鎮、旗津、鹽埕、鼓山）之空間濃度分布特性，並考量不同年齡與生理狀態族群（嬰幼兒、青少年、成人、老年人）進行吸入、皮膚接觸與食入三途徑暴露下的致癌、慢性非致癌及急性非致癌風險評估。 研究結果顯示，整體致癌風險以六價鉻貢獻最高，約占總風險近九成，前鎮與旗津區為主要風險熱區，老年族群的致癌風險（Lifetime Cancer Risk, LCR）最高值達9.4×10⁻⁶，落於可接受但需管控區間（10⁻⁶至10⁻⁴）；慢性非致癌風險以甲醛、二甲苯為主，整體危害指數（Hazard Index, HI）皆小於1，顯示慢性暴露風險普遍可接受；然而急性非致癌風險則在污染尖峰情境下於鹽埕、前鎮與旗津區明顯偏高，鹽埕區部分受體HI高達2，顯示短期健康效應不可忽視。 本研究進一步進行兩種減量情境模擬，發現針對主要風險貢獻污染物六價鉻減量50%（情境一）即能顯著降低急性非致癌風險44–45%，而納入甲苯、乙苯等次要污染物（情境二）之綜合削減，雖能進一步降低風險至近七成，然而其邊際效益呈現遞減。此結果強調風險導向之污染管制策略，應優先聚焦於高毒性、高暴露貢獻之污染物，以提升管理效益。綜合污染物風險排序與地理熱區判別結果，本研究建議建立固定污染源操作許可證核發後之健康風險覆核機制、推動本土化暴露參數調查、以及敏感族群健康防護機制，作為未來污染治理與環境健康決策之重要依據。

Although legal emissions from urban industrial parks comply with current regulatory standards, they still pose health risks to nearby residents under specific temporal and spatial conditions. This study takes the Kaohsiung Cianjhen Technology Industrial Park as a case study to establish an assessment framework combining "emissions data from operating permits – AERMOD dispersion modeling – HARP multi-pathway health risk model." The research simulates the spatial concentration distribution of six hazardous air pollutants—benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene, formaldehyde, and hexavalent chromium—across four administrative districts (Cianjhen, Cijin, Yancheng, and Gushan). It further assesses the carcinogenic, chronic non-carcinogenic, and acute non-carcinogenic risks through three exposure pathways (inhalation, dermal contact, and ingestion) for different age and physiological groups (infants, adolescents, adults, and the elderly). The results indicate that hexavalent chromium is the primary contributor to the overall carcinogenic risk, accounting for nearly 90% of the total risk. The main risk hotspots are concentrated in the Cianjhen and Cijin districts. The highest Lifetime Cancer Risk (LCR) for the elderly population reached 9.4×10⁻⁶ , falling within the acceptable but requires management range (10⁻⁶ to 10-4). For chronic non-carcinogenic risk, formaldehyde and xylene are the main contributors, with the overall Hazard Index (HI) for all receptors remaining below 1, suggesting that chronic exposure risks are generally acceptable. However, the acute non-carcinogenic risk is significantly elevated in the Yancheng, Cianjhen, and Cijin districts under peak pollution scenarios, with the HI for some receptors in the Yancheng district reaching as high as 2, indicating that short-term health effects cannot be overlooked. This study further simulated two reduction scenarios. It was found that a 50% reduction of hexavalent chromium (Scenario 1), the main risk-contributing pollutant, could significantly decrease the acute non-carcinogenic risk by 44–45%. A comprehensive reduction strategy that also includes secondary pollutants like toluene and ethylbenzene (Scenario 2) could further reduce the risk to nearly 70%; however, it exhibited diminishing marginal benefits. These findings underscore the importance of a risk-oriented pollution control strategy that prioritizes pollutants with high toxicity and high exposure contributions to enhance management effectiveness. Based on the pollutant risk ranking and the identification of geographical hotspots, this study recommends the establishment of a health risk review mechanism for stationary pollution sources after the issuance of operating permits, the promotion of localized exposure parameter surveys, and the implementation of health protection mechanisms for sensitive populations. These measures are proposed as a crucial basis for future pollution governance and environmental health decision-making.