陽明山及臺灣其他山脈15種植物之海拔分布及氣候因子差異比較

Abstract

氣候變遷對中高海拔植物構成嚴重威脅，可能導致其消失速度加劇。為有效推動保育與復育工作，了解中高海拔植物的物種分布特徵、棲地特性與環境條件至關重要。本研究聚焦於臺灣植物物種的海拔分布，以陽明山為主要研究區域，探討15個山區植物物種在陽明山與臺灣其他山脈之海拔分布及相關環境因子的異同，以釐清其海拔分布是否如傳統觀點所主張，係由氣候相似性所致。研究資料來源包含臺灣生物多樣性網絡(TBN)的物種分布資訊，以及農業部生物多樣性研究所整理之臺灣陸域多時序環境因子資料集。研究方法結合地理資訊系統(GIS)進行物種分布點位的空間整理(經度、緯度與海拔)與分布圖繪製，並以R軟體進行統計分析，檢驗陽明山與其他地區在海拔及多項氣候因子(包含氣溫與非氣溫因子)間的差異。研究結果顯示，所選取之15種山區植物物種在陽明山的平均海拔分布有14種顯著低於其他地區(差異超過500公尺)，其中差異超過1000公尺有臺灣藜蘆、玉山杜鵑、臺灣龍膽、臺灣馬醉木、白珠樹、尖葉楓、刺果衛矛、厚葉衛矛、長行天南星及昆欄樹等10種。統計檢驗顯示，這14種海拔分布較低的植物物種在陽明山的分布點位與其他地區在氣溫和其他氣候因子具有顯著差異，並不具有氣候相似性。在陽明山地區海拔分布較低的植物物種，其分布可能受到地形、微氣候和土壤因素的影響，而非是由區域尺度之氣候環境所造成。

Climate change poses a serious threat to mid- and high-elevation plant species, potentially accelerating their disappearance. To effectively promote conservation and restoration efforts, it is crucial to understand the distribution patterns, habitat characteristics, and environmental conditions of these species. This study focused on the elevational distribution of plant species in Taiwan, with Yangmingshan area as the primary study area. It examined the elevational distributions and associated environmental factors of 15 montane plant species in Yangmingshan and other mountain regions across Taiwan, in order to determine whether their distributions are primarily shaped by climatic similarity, as traditionally assumed. Species occurrence data were obtained from the Taiwan Biodiversity Network (TBN), and environmental variables were sourced from the Multi-Temporal Terrestrial Environmental dataset complied by the Taiwan Biodiversity Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture. Using Geographic Information Systems (GIS), we mapped and processed the spatial distribution data (longitude, latitude, and elevation) of each species. Statistical analyses were conducted in R to compare elevation and multiple climate variables (including temperature and non-temperature factors) between Yangmingshan and other regions. The results showed that 14 of the 15 selected montane plant species exhibit significantly lower mean elevations in Yangmingshan than in other regions—10 of which differ by more than 1,000 meters. These species include Veratrum formosanum, Rhododendron pseudochrysanthum, Gentiana davidii var. formosana, Pieris taiwanensis, Gaultheria cumingiana, Acer kawakamii, Euonymus carnosus, Euonymus spraguei, Arisaema consanguineum, and Trochodendron aralioides. Statistical tests revealed significant differences in both temperature and non-temperature climatic variables between Yangmingshan and other regions, indicating a lack of climatic similarity. The presence of montane species at lower elevations in Yangmingshan may be influenced by factors such as topography, microclimate, and soil characteristics rather than regional climate conditions alone.