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http://tdr.lib.ntu.edu.tw/jspui/handle/123456789/98187完整後設資料紀錄
| DC 欄位 | 值 | 語言 |
|---|---|---|
| dc.contributor.advisor | 張文貞 | zh_TW |
| dc.contributor.advisor | Wen-Chen Chang | en |
| dc.contributor.author | 吳英綸 | zh_TW |
| dc.contributor.author | Ying-Lun Wu | en |
| dc.date.accessioned | 2025-07-30T16:15:44Z | - |
| dc.date.available | 2025-07-31 | - |
| dc.date.copyright | 2025-07-30 | - |
| dc.date.issued | 2025 | - |
| dc.date.submitted | 2025-07-22 | - |
| dc.identifier.citation | 一、 中文部分
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EPA(2007)論美國行政法中立法目的、行政解釋和司法審查之關係〉,《台大法學論叢》,44卷3期,頁665-744。 黃昭元(1997),〈九七修憲後我國中央政府體制的評估〉,《臺大法學論叢》,27卷2期,頁183-216。 ---------(2002),〈司法消極美德的積極實踐——評Sunstein教授的「司法最小主義」理論〉,收於:翁岳生教授祝壽論文編輯委員會(編),《當代公法新論(上) 翁岳生教授七秩誕辰祝壽論文集》,頁875-917。 ---------(2002),〈抗多數困境與司法審查正當性——評Bickel教授的司法審查理論〉,收於:李鴻禧(等著),《台灣憲法之縱剖橫切》,頁301-342,元照。 ---------(2004),〈憲法權利限制的司法審查標準:美國類型化多元標準模式的比較分析〉,《臺大法學論叢》,33卷3期,頁45-148。 ---------(2013),〈大法官解釋審查標準之發展(1996-2011):比例原則的繼受與在地化〉,《臺大法學論叢》,42卷2期,頁215-258。 黃茂榮(2006),〈法律漏洞及其補充的方法(下)〉,《植根雜誌》,22卷2期,頁1-48。 黃舒芃(1999),《行政權力管理醫療體制的民主正當性基礎——以台灣全民健保制度為中心》,國立台灣大學法律學研究所碩士論文(未出版),臺北。 ---------(2005),〈比較法作為法學方法:以憲法領域之法比較為例〉,《月旦法學雜誌》,120期,頁183-198。 ---------(2009),〈法律保留原則在德國法秩序下的意涵與特徵〉,收於:《民主國家的憲法及其守護者》,頁7-53,元照。 ---------(2009),〈從普通法背景檢討美國司法違憲審查正當性的問題〉,收於:《民主國家的憲法及其守護者》,頁293-361,元照。 ---------(2009),〈「功能最適」原則下司法違憲審查權與立法權的區分——德國功能法論述取向(funktionell-rechtlicher Ansatz)之問題與解套〉,收於:《民主國家的憲法及其守護者》,頁245-290,元照。 ---------(2011),〈再論「二分」與「三分」之爭:從憲法觀點檢討職權命令的存廢問題〉,《東吳法律學報》,23卷2期,頁1-29。 ---------(2012),〈不確定法律概念是一種法律概念嗎?——從德國行政法的新近發展反思不確定法律概念的制度功能〉,《憲政時代》,37卷4期,頁490-514。 ---------(2012),〈法律明確性原則的制度功能——評釋字第七○二號解釋對法律明確性原則之認定〉,《月旦裁判時報》,17期,頁5-14。 黃銘輝(2014),〈論美國法上法院對行政行為的司法審查密度——以通訊傳播行政為中心〉,《臺北大學法學論叢》,92期,頁187-242。 ---------(2020),〈從美國法上復興「不授權原則」之呼聲略論法規命令作為豁免資訊公開法源之適格性〉,《憲政時代》,46卷1期,頁31-70。 楊智傑(2018),〈我國與美國行政裁量類型與司法審查標準之比較〉,收於:謝哲勝、林明鏘、李仁淼(編),《行政行為的司法審查》,頁19-71,元照。 葉俊榮(1990),〈論環境政策上的經濟誘因:理論依據〉,《台大法學論叢》,20卷1期,頁87-111。 ---------(1997),〈轉型社會的程序立法:我國行政程序法的立法設計與立法影響評估〉,收於:翁岳生教授六秩誕辰祝壽論文集編輯委員會(編),《當代公法理論:翁岳生教授六秩壽誕論文集》,頁363-428,元照。 ---------(1997),《環境行政的正當法律程序》,自刊。 ---------(2002),《面對行政程序法——轉型臺灣的程序建制》,元照。 ---------(2003),〈二元民主與行政程序——從全球化的脈絡論行政程序法的時代機能〉,收於:台灣行政法學會(編),《行政程序法之檢討/傳播行政之爭訟》,頁28-61。 ---------(2003),〈從「轉型法院」到「常態法院」:論大法官釋字第二六一號與第四九九號解釋的解釋風格與轉型脈絡〉,收於:《民主轉型與憲法變遷》,頁209-252,元照。 ---------(2003),〈憲政的上升或沈淪——六度修憲後的定位與走向〉,收於:《民主轉型與憲法變遷》,頁157-205,元照。 ---------(2020),〈行政命令〉,收於:翁岳生(主編),《行政法(上)》,頁504-598。 廖元豪(2011),〈美國憲法學對臺灣憲法實務與理論之影響--以方法論為重心〉,《月旦法學教室》,100期,頁51-69。 蔡宗珍(2010),〈法律保留思想及其發展的制度關聯要素探微〉,《臺大法學論叢》,39卷3期,頁1-68。 蕭文生(2017),〈專業(家)委員會與判斷餘地——最高行政法院105年度判字第40號判決評析〉,《法令月刊》,68卷5期,頁23-63。 謝坤龍(2014),《美國法律解釋方法研究-以立法目的主義與文本主義之爭論為中心》,國立政治大學法律學研究所碩士論文(未出版),臺北。 二、 英文部分 Ackerman, B. 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| dc.identifier.uri | http://tdr.lib.ntu.edu.tw/jspui/handle/123456789/98187 | - |
| dc.description.abstract | 在違憲審查領域廣為人知的「司法審查正當性」問題,是否亦應在行政法領域引發相應的問題意識與理論關懷?作為具有民主正當性的權力部門,行政機關所為之法律解釋,在受到司法審查時,是否值得受到一定程度的尊重?此一探問,自美國聯邦最高法院於1984年作成Chevron v. NRDC判決,確立「司法謙讓原則」以來,旋即成為美國學界與司法實務持續爭論的核心議題。在一向強調「法律保留」與「依法行政」的我國行政法體系中,是否可能且應當建立一套尊重行政機關法律解釋之司法審查標準?此即本文之核心研究目的。
為達成此一研究目的,本文首先完整爬梳美國司法謙讓原則之理論發展歷程,涵蓋其誕生之背景脈絡、對整體行政法秩序之影響、理論基礎之爭議,以及自2000年起所歷經之檢討與限縮,直至2024年聯邦最高法院於Loper Bright v. Raimondo案中正式推翻該原則時之論證轉向。奠基於此一系統性梳理,本文嘗試提出對美國司法謙讓原則較為妥適的理解視角與理論框架。本文指出,該原則之所以得以在美國法中發展形成,實係「法律解釋」概念自「法律發現」轉向「法律創造」的典範變遷結果。既然法律解釋不可避免地涉及政策判斷,則將此解釋權限適度保留予具民主正當性之權力部門優先行使,自有其理論上正當性。然而,美國多數學說與司法實務將此原則建立於「國會默示授權」的理論基礎之上,卻成為該原則發展受限與最終崩解之主要原因。本文因而主張,應自「行政權民主正當性」的權力分立視角出發,重構司法謙讓原則之理論基礎。 在此基礎上,本文進一步援引美國法上的行政權正當性理論模型,特別是Richard Stewart教授所提出之「專業模型」與「參與模型」,以及Elena Kagan教授所倡之「總統控制模型」,藉以詮釋聯邦最高法院於司法謙讓判例中之論述邏輯,並以之作為建構司法謙讓原則適用界限之理論平台。本文主張,司法謙讓原則之適用應以行政權民主正當性是否在憲政結構下已充分展現為判準,並據此提出形式與實質兩層面的適用界限。在形式界限上,本文認為行政解釋必須經過參與程序,或是足以彰顯總統控制與專業意見之均衡,方足以獲得司法謙讓。在實質界限上,本文首先檢討美國聯邦最高法院提出的主要問題原則(Major Question Doctrine),並主張法院應自「質的區別」視角,辨析立法部門與行政部門民主正當性之異同,據此界定例外不得由行政部門單方形成之法律解釋事項。 最後,本文從行政法規範理念出發,比較美國與我國法之觀念差異,指出美國之所以有發展司法謙讓原則之制度條件,關鍵在於其以「二元民主」為基礎之權力分立體制;反觀我國,則因繼受德國「議會至上」的「一元民主」觀,而在法律保留、依法行政與法律明確性原則的漸次開展下,壓縮行政機關於法律解釋上之自主空間,進而形成以「司法優越」為基調之行政法體系。本文並發現,我國既有行政法體系忽略法律解釋內含之政策判斷與價值選擇,已於實踐中暴露出司法審查的「恣意」與「消極」面向。惟值得注意的是,考量到我國在修憲後,藉由總統民選及行政程序法的制定,已逐漸呈現「二元民主」的憲法變遷軌跡,本文據此主張,我國已具備適度鬆綁法律保留理念、發展司法謙讓原則之制度條件。在細緻識別美國與我國的若干制度差異後,本文進一步提出我國法院得以適用司法謙讓原則之判斷基準與適用界限,期能藉此促進行政權民主功能之實現,並試圖解決現行體制下所浮現之司法恣意與消極問題。 | zh_TW |
| dc.description.abstract | In the realm of constitutional adjudication, the legitimacy of judicial review has long been a central concern. Should a similar line of inquiry and theoretical engagement also arise in administrative law? Given that administrative agencies constitute a branch of government endowed with democratic legitimacy, should their interpretations of law receive a certain degree of judicial deference when subject to judicial review? Since the U.S. Supreme Court’s 1984 decision in Chevron U.S.A. Inc. v. NRDC, which established the doctrine of judicial deference, this question has become a focal point of sustained debate in American legal scholarship and judicial practice. Within Taiwan’s administrative law system—one that consistently emphasizes the principle of statutory reservation (Gesetzesvorbehalt)—is it possible, or indeed necessary, to develop a standard of judicial review that accords a degree of respect to agency statutory interpretation? This question forms the core purpose of this Article.
To address this, the Article begins by systematically tracing the development of the judicial deference doctrine in the United States, including its historical background, institutional impact on the administrative law, theoretical foundations and controversies, and the doctrinal reconsiderations and limitations it has undergone since the 2000s, culminating in its formal overturning by the Supreme Court in Loper Bright Enterprises v. Raimondo (2024). Based on this comprehensive review, the Article proposes a more suitable interpretive and theoretical framework for understanding the Chevron doctrine. It argues that the emergence of Chevron reflects a paradigmatic shift in the very concept of “statutory interpretation”—from a model of “law-finding” to one of “law-making.” Since statutory interpretation inevitably involves policy judgments, it is normatively justifiable to allocate primary interpretive authority to branches of government that is democratically accountable. However, the doctrine’s reliance on the theory of implicit congressional delegation has, paradoxically, become the principal reason for its eventual doctrinal decline. Accordingly, this Article contends that the theory of judicial deference should be reconstructed from a separation-of-powers perspective grounded in the democratic legitimacy of the executive branch. Based on this institutional lens, the Article further draws on models of administrative legitimacy in U.S. scholarship—specifically Richard Stewart’s “expertise model” and “participatory model,” as well as Elena Kagan’s “presidential control model”—to interpret the underlying logic of the Court’s Chevron jurisprudence. These models also serve as a theoretical platform for constructing the proper limits of judicial deference. The Article argues that the applicability of the deference doctrine should depend on whether democratic legitimacy has been sufficiently manifested under constitutional structure, and proposes a two-layered set of constraints: procedural and substantive. Procedurally, deference should be granted only where agency interpretation results from participatory processes or where there exists a balance between presidential control and professional expertise. Substantively, the Article analyzes the Major Questions Doctrine and proposes that courts distinguish between legislative and executive legitimacy through a qualitative distinction approach, identifying issues that should not be unilaterally resolved through agency interpretation. Finally, adopting a normative perspective rooted in administrative law theory, the Article compares the U.S. and Taiwanese systems and highlights that the development of judicial deference in the U.S. was made possible by its separation-of-powers framework grounded in “dual democracy.” By contrast, Taiwan—heavily influenced by German law’s “parliamentary supremacy” and “monolithic democracy”—has developed an administrative legal system that severely constrains agency interpretive autonomy through doctrines of statutory reservation, legality, and legislative clarity, resulting in a judicially dominant structure. The Article argues that this system has overlooked the value-laden and policy-driven nature of statutory interpretation, and in doing so has revealed both arbitrary and passive tendencies in judicial review. Nonetheless, in light of Taiwan’s post-constitutional reforms—such as the introduction of direct presidential elections and the enactment of the Administrative Procedure Act—this Article contends that Taiwan is undergoing a constitutional shift toward dual democracy, thus providing institutional grounds for relaxing the rigidity of the statutory reservation doctrine and introducing a moderate model of judicial deference. After carefully identifying key institutional differences, the Article concludes by proposing specific criteria and boundaries for courts in Taiwan to adopt judicial deference, in hopes of enhancing the democratic function of the executive branch and addressing the problems of judicial arbitrariness and inertia. | en |
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| dc.description.provenance | Made available in DSpace on 2025-07-30T16:15:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 | en |
| dc.description.tableofcontents | 序 言 i
中文摘要 iv 英文摘要 vi 目 次 viii 第一章 緒論 1 第一節 問題之提起 1 第二節 研究範圍與限制 6 第三節 研究方法與架構 7 第二章 美國司法謙讓原則的理論發展 9 第一節 司法謙讓的起源 9 第一項 歷史背景 9 第二項 Chevron U.S.A., Inc. v. NRDC判決 13 壹、 案例事實 13 貳、 最高法院的判決與論理 14 一、 審查原則的確立 14 二、 潔淨空氣法規定的立法意旨解讀 15 三、 EPA的解釋為「合理」解釋 16 參、 後續發展 17 第三項 Chevron原則的影響 19 壹、 法律層面 19 一、 建立明確且單一的司法審查標準 19 二、 改變司法與行政部門間的關係 20 貳、 實際層面 22 一、 行政機關「政策空間」的浮現 22 二、 法律解釋的變更可能性 24 三、 促進法律執行的一致性 26 四、 法律明確性的提升 27 第四項 Chevron原則的理論基礎 29 壹、 概說 29 貳、 相對適任性說 30 參、 權力分立說 32 一、 行政權的民主正當性 32 二、 司法權的固有限制 35 肆、 默示授權說 38 一、 國會對行政機關的「默示授權」 38 二、 國會意圖的「最佳重構」 41 第二節 司法謙讓的檢討與限縮 43 第一項 概說:「逐案權衡」與「全面推定」之爭 43 壹、 逐案權衡模式 44 貳、 全面推定模式 46 參、 小結 47 第二項 司法謙讓的形式界限 47 壹、 概說 47 貳、 指標判決 48 一、 Christensen v. Harris County 48 二、 United States v. Mead Corp. 50 三、 Barnhart v. Walton 54 參、 小結 56 第三項 司法謙讓的實質界限 57 壹、 概說 57 貳、 指標判決 58 一、 MCI Telecom. Corp. v. AT&T 58 二、 FDA v. Brown & Williamson Tobacco Corp. 59 三、 West Virginia v. EPA 61 參、 小結 64 第三節 司法謙讓的消逝 66 第一項 Chevron原則的反對意見 66 第二項 Loper Bright Enterprises v. Raimondo判決 68 壹、 案例事實 68 貳、 最高法院的判決與論理 69 一、 制憲者原意與早期判例的回顧 70 二、 行政程序法規定的解讀 71 三、 Chevron原則的缺陷 72 參、 協同意見與不同意見 76 一、 Thomas大法官提出之協同意見 76 二、 Gorsuch大法官提出之協同意見 77 三、 Kagan大法官提出之不同意見書 79 肆、 簡評與分析 85 一、 「論證品質」的攻擊:對司法實踐演進的斷裂性詮釋 85 二、 「可運作性」的攻擊:對法官解釋法律分歧的忽視 88 伍、 小結:「釐清」而非「推翻」Chevron原則的必要性 89 第三章 美國司法謙讓原則的發展課題與理論重構 91 第一節 司法謙讓原則的發展課題 91 第一項 法律解釋「政策化」下的權力分立課題 91 壹、 反Marbury原則的興起背景:法律現實主義與管制國家 91 貳、 Marbury的反擊:管制國家與法治主義的內在衝突 93 參、 Marbury的當代反思:法官主導政策的正當性危機 94 肆、 小結:超越Marbury?思考管制國家的法律解釋理論出路 96 第二項 「國會默示授權說」的困境 97 壹、 司法謙讓原則背後的「立法者意思優位」 97 貳、 「立法者意思優位」衍生出的「合理立法者」方法 99 一、 「立法者意思模糊」的司法應對 99 二、 Chevron的「合理立法者」方法 101 三、 「合理立法者」方法的細緻化 102 參、 「合理立法者」方法的缺陷與困境 104 肆、 小結:重新思考司法謙讓的理論基礎 107 第二節 司法謙讓原則之理論體系重構 109 第一項 憲法權力分立原則作為理論基礎 109 壹、 重構理論基礎的學術嘗試 109 貳、 為什麼「權力分立說」是較妥當的理論基礎 113 一、 權力分立說彰顯Chevron原則旨在維護憲法結構 114 二、 權力分立說才能合理說明Chevron原則的「強烈順從」 115 參、 小結:行政機關的民主正當性作為司法謙讓的理據 118 第二項 行政機關解釋法律的民主正當性圖像 119 壹、 Chevron原則下的行政權正當性圖像 119 貳、 專業模型 121 一、 專業模型的興起脈絡與理論內涵 121 二、 專業決策品質與正當性的危機 122 參、 參與模型 123 一、 參與模型的興起脈絡與理論內涵 123 二、 參與模型下的Chevron原則 124 三、 參與的程序僵化現象 125 肆、 總統控制模型 127 一、 總統控制模型的興起脈絡與理論內涵 127 二、 總統控制模型的憲法容許性 128 三、 總統控制模型促進民主問責的功能評估 130 四、 總統控制模型下的Chevron原則 132 五、 總統控制的行政恣意危機 137 伍、 小結:行政權多元的民主正當性基礎 142 第三項 以「行政權民主正當性」為主軸的司法謙讓原則 143 壹、 司法謙讓的形式界限:民主問責與恣意防範的具體考察 144 一、 Mead的轉向意涵:程序參與作為恣意的防杜機制 145 二、 Chevron的理念重塑:總統控制模型的落實與補強 149 三、 小結:深化民主的司法謙讓原則 153 貳、 司法謙讓的實質界限:主要問題原則的民主意涵 154 一、 主要問題原則的理論基礎 155 二、 主要問題原則平議 158 三、 小結:行政權民主量能的疆界 161 參、 展望:條件式司法謙讓原則的挑戰 162 第四章 我國發展司法謙讓原則的條件評估 165 第一節 我國法的理論與實務現況 165 第一項 不確定法律概念的憲法框架 165 壹、 源自可司法性標準的司法優位預設 166 貳、 源自法律保留原則的國會支配理念 167 第二項 行政判斷的司法審查 168 壹、 判斷餘地理論的提出 168 貳、 判斷餘地理論的定位 170 參、 判斷餘地理論的侷限 171 第三項 行政釋示的司法審查 173 壹、 極度司法優越的審查原則 173 貳、 獨攬法律解釋權的司法恣意 174 參、 缺乏立法指引下的司法消極 180 肆、 反思司法優越的制度預設 182 第二節 借鏡美國司法謙讓原則的可能性分析 184 第一項 借鏡外國法的方法論前提 184 第二項 我國憲政架構下「法律保留原則」的檢討 185 壹、 一元民主下的思維 185 貳、 二元民主實踐下的挑戰 187 參、 司法審查層面的檢討修正 188 第三節 司法謙讓原則在我國的具體適用 191 第一項 形式界限 191 壹、 相對正式的程序 191 一、 作成行政處分的程序 192 二、 作成法規命令的程序 193 貳、 經高層官員的採納 195 第二項 實質界限 198 第五章 結論 201 參考文獻 205 附錄 2008年至2024年大法官對行政釋示的司法審查 220 | - |
| dc.language.iso | zh_TW | - |
| dc.subject | 司法審查正當性 | zh_TW |
| dc.subject | 行政機關的法律解釋 | zh_TW |
| dc.subject | 司法謙讓原則 | zh_TW |
| dc.subject | 行政權正當性理論模型 | zh_TW |
| dc.subject | 主要問題原則 | zh_TW |
| dc.subject | 二元民主 | zh_TW |
| dc.subject | Judicial Deference | en |
| dc.subject | Legitimacy of Judicial Review | en |
| dc.subject | Dual Democracy | en |
| dc.subject | Major Questions Doctrine | en |
| dc.subject | Models of Administrative Legitimacy | en |
| dc.subject | Agency Statutory Interpretation | en |
| dc.title | 論行政機關解釋法律的司法謙讓——以行政權民主正當性為中心 | zh_TW |
| dc.title | Judicial Deference to Agency Statutory Interpretation: Focusing on the Democratic Legitimacy of Executive Branch | en |
| dc.type | Thesis | - |
| dc.date.schoolyear | 113-2 | - |
| dc.description.degree | 碩士 | - |
| dc.contributor.oralexamcommittee | 葉俊榮;陳仲嶙 | zh_TW |
| dc.contributor.oralexamcommittee | Jiunn-Rong Yeh;Chung-Lin Chen | en |
| dc.subject.keyword | 司法審查正當性,行政機關的法律解釋,司法謙讓原則,行政權正當性理論模型,主要問題原則,二元民主, | zh_TW |
| dc.subject.keyword | Legitimacy of Judicial Review,Agency Statutory Interpretation,Judicial Deference,Models of Administrative Legitimacy,Major Questions Doctrine,Dual Democracy, | en |
| dc.relation.page | 225 | - |
| dc.identifier.doi | 10.6342/NTU202502114 | - |
| dc.rights.note | 同意授權(限校園內公開) | - |
| dc.date.accepted | 2025-07-23 | - |
| dc.contributor.author-college | 法律學院 | - |
| dc.contributor.author-dept | 法律學系 | - |
| dc.date.embargo-lift | 2025-07-31 | - |
| 顯示於系所單位: | 法律學系 | |
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| ntu-113-2.pdf 授權僅限NTU校內IP使用(校園外請利用VPN校外連線服務) | 4.06 MB | Adobe PDF |
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