飲用水中全氟與多氟烷基物質（PFAS）國際管制趨勢

Abstract

全氟/多氟烷基物質（Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances,PFAS）因其持久性和廣泛應用，已成為全球環境與健康問題的焦點。在人體暴露途徑中所佔比率最重的飲用水管理上，各國也在飲用水標準方面不斷加強PFAS的監管。像美國在《安全飲用水法》（Safe Drinking Water Act , SDWA）框架下，2023年發布修正首個國家主要飲用水標準（National Primary Drinking Water Regulation, NPDWR），設定了六種PFAS的最大污染物濃度（Maximum Contaminant Levels, MCL）。這一嚴格的標準旨在保護公眾健康，尤其是易敏感族群的兒童和孕婦。 常作為各項環境議題前驅的歐盟，不僅對氣候變遷有諸多管制手段，也對PFAS污染情形進行嚴格監管及管制措施。2020年歐盟委員會發布了新的飲用水指令，設定20種PFAS的總和限值（PFAS Total），以及PFAS總量限值（sum of PFAS），並鼓勵成員國制定更嚴格的標準。德國、荷蘭、瑞典等國家已經實施了更低的限制，顯示出歐洲對PFAS的高度關注。 以亞洲地區國家舉例，日本和韓國也著重關注PFAS問題。日本現在已經制定了PFOA和PFOS的飲用水標準；韓國則在2020年開始監測PFAS，並計劃在未來制定相關標準。 而台灣的環境部對PFAS的管理，除了原有的研究及監測，2022年發布了PFAS檢測方法指南，並鼓勵供水單位進行自主監測。2024年訂定的飲用水標準也跟上日本跟澳洲的限值；並且要求供水單位定期監測並符合標準，如無法在限期內符合標準則有處罰。與國際比較，台灣的PFAS監管仍處於初期階段，但已經展現出積極的態度。後續可參考國際管制經驗，研擬逐步加嚴標準及推行有效管理，發揮PFAS治理的成效。 綜上，PFAS飲用水法規的國際比較顯示，各國在監管標準和執行力度上存在差異，但都在朝著更嚴格的方向發展。隨著科學研究的進展和公眾意識的提高，全球對PFAS的監管將繼續加強，以保護環境和人類健康。

Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) have become a global environmental and health concern due to their persistence and widespread use. In terms of drinking water management, which is the most important exposure route for human beings, various countries have been strengthening the regulation of PFAS in terms of drinking water standards. For example, under the framework of the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA), the U.S. will publish the first National Primary Drinking Water Regulation (NPDWR) for PFAS in 2023, which sets standards for 6 kinds of PFAS, setting Maximum Contaminant Levels (MCLs). This stringent standard is designed to protect public health, especially children and pregnant women in sensitive groups. The European Union (EU), which has a strong focus on environmental issues, is not only concerned about climate change and carbon emissions, but also about the strict regulation of PFAS. 2020, the European Commission issued a new Drinking Water Directive, which sets 20 PFAS Total, as well as sum of PFAS, and encourages member states to set more stringent standards. Countries such as Germany, the Netherlands and Sweden have already implemented lower limits, demonstrating the high level of concern about PFAS in Europe. In Asia, Japan and Korea have also begun to pay attention to PFAS. Japan has developed PFOA and PFOS standards for drinking water; Korea will start monitoring PFAS in 2020, and plans to develop relevant standards in the future. Taiwan's Ministry of the Environment has also begun to pay attention to the PFAS issue, in addition to the original research and monitoring, in 2022 published a guide to PFAS testing methods, and encourage water supply units to carry out their own monitoring. 2024 drinking water standards are also set to follow the limits of Japan and Australia; and require water supply units to regularly monitor and comply with the standards, and penalties will be imposed if they do not comply with the standards in the deadline. Compared to international standards, Taiwan's PFAS regulation is still in its early stages, but it has shown a positive attitude. With reference to the international experience, more stringent standards and more effective management can be formulated to protect public health and to promote the effectiveness of PFAS control. In conclusion, an international comparison of PFAS drinking water regulations shows that there are differences in regulatory standards and enforcement efforts among countries, but they are all moving in the direction of greater stringency. With the progress of scientific research and public awareness, the global regulation of PFAS will continue to be strengthened to protect the environment and human health.