鐵路業淨零脫碳策略之探索性研究：應用於台灣鐵路公司

Abstract

2050 實現淨零排放是全球共同的責任，根據《巴黎協定》共識，聯合國明確提出於本世紀末全球升溫幅度應控制在較前工業時期均溫高出不超過 1.5°C 的長期目標，然而，世界氣象組織（WMO）監測結果顯示，2024年全球年均溫首次突破該門檻警戒值，突顯氣候行動的急迫性。鐵路部門在積極談論「2050 淨零排放」議題，不應止於倡議層次，而應率先承諾具體的減碳目標與落實路徑。本文整理國際能源總署（IEA）、國際鐵路聯盟（UIC）等國際機構之研究建議，指出全球鐵路應以 2040 年全面淘汰化石燃料（如柴油列車退場）、並於 2050 年實現全系統碳中和為具體目標。 各國鐵路的願景也都在承諾永續交通和減少溫室氣體排放，並以提供旅客零碳旅程服務為目標。瑞士聯邦鐵路公司較早發展清潔能源，於 2025 年已實現綠電運行鐵路；德國鐵路（DB） 致力於實現淨零排放（Net Zero Emissions）以 2040 年實現全系統碳中和，為全球領先國家；日本鐵道在技術、營運管理、能源效率方面具備世界級的競爭力，有諸多值得我國參考借鏡之處。 國營臺灣鐵路股份有限公司（前身為交通部鐵路管理局）甫於 2024 年轉型公司化，由於過去多起重大事故，因此改革初期首要任務以強化營運安全為主，於淨零減排方面尚處於起步階段，亟待有研究協助臺灣鐵路探討鐵路脫碳的策略。我國交通部門刻正積極尋求淨零碳排的解方，本研究透過蒐集探討國外鐵道系統溫室氣體排放相關研究成果，了解鐵路系統全生命週期碳排放情形，個案研究分析3個國家包含瑞士國鐵、德國國鐵以及日本鐵路公司後，綜合提出臺灣鐵路淨零脫碳之創能、節能減碳及循環經濟等策略建議。

Achieving net zero emissions by 2050 is a shared global responsibility. Under the Paris Agreement, the United Nations has set a long‑term goal of limiting the rise in global average temperature to no more than 1.5 °C above pre‑industrial levels by 2100. However, observations reported by the World Meteorological Organization indicate that, in 2024, the global mean temperature exceeded this threshold for the first time, underscoring the urgency of decisive climate action. Within the railway sector, aspirations for “net zero by 2050” must be matched with specific decarbonization targets and actionable roadmaps. This study synthesizes guidance from the International Energy Agency and the International Union of Railways, which call for a complete phaseout of fossil‑fuel traction in rail transport by 2040 (for example, retiring all diesel locomotives) and for system‑wide carbon neutrality by 2050. Rail operators worldwide have made parallel commitments to deliver genuinely zero‑carbon travel. Swiss Federal Railways plans to power its entire network with renewable electricity by 2025. Deutsche Bahn has announced a 2040 net‑zero target, positioning Germany as a leader in railway decarbonization. Japan’s railways, noted for technological innovation, operational excellence, and energy efficiency, also provide important reference points for Taiwan. Taiwan Railway Company, corporatized in 2024 after decades as an agency under the Ministry of Transportation and Communications, has focused its initial reforms on operational safety in response to several serious incidents. Decarbonization remains at an early stage, creating an urgent need for research‑based guidance. This study reviews international literature on greenhouse‑gas emissions across the full life cycle of rail systems and, through case analyses of Switzerland, Germany, and Japan, proposes an integrated strategy for Taiwan that combines clean‑energy development, carbon‑reduction measures, and circular‑economy practices.