請用此 Handle URI 來引用此文件:
http://tdr.lib.ntu.edu.tw/jspui/handle/123456789/9795
標題: | 計畫趕不上變化?論長期商業契約中之風險控制與漏洞填補—以契約之解釋為中心 Contractual Flexibility in a Changeable Economy: Filling Gaps in Long-Term Commercial Contracts |
作者: | Hsiang-Yu Huang 黃湘榆 |
指導教授: | 王文宇(Wen-Yeu Wang) |
關鍵字: | 不完全契約,關係契約,商業契約,特殊關係投資,契約解釋,誠信原則, incomplete contract,relational contract,commercial contract,specific transaction investment,contract interpretation and supplementation,good faith, |
出版年 : | 2008 |
學位: | 碩士 |
摘要: | 在過去的一個世紀中,隨著商業交易變得愈來愈複雜,商業契約也跟著發生轉變。個別交易盛行之時代已經過去,取而代之的是當事人關係更緊密、合作型態更多元之長期交易。傳統之契約法面對這些衝擊,應該如何因應,便成為本文所關注的問題。
本文擬從契約解釋之角度切入,探討此一問題。交易之觀察,可以從事實面以及法律面兩者為之,而兩者又相互影響。因此,在討論商業契約應該如何解釋之問題前,筆者將先從經濟層面觀察長期交易之特色,指出其特殊之處,再進入法律層面的討論。 在交易特色的描述上,筆者首先點出,長期交易在現代商業活動中已愈來愈常見,但其必須面對未來之不確定性、交易資訊無法驗證、與特殊關係投資之問題。未來之不確定性,使當事人在分配風險方式的選擇上,必須做出轉變;資訊無法驗證之問題,則使當事人面臨締約上的困難;為特殊關係投資之交易人,面臨可能在交易中被「套牢」的風險。對於這些問題,交易中必須設計一套治理機制,以確保交易在人類有限的理性下以及投機心態作祟時,還能克服上述問題,達成交易目的。契約,便是某一種型態的交易治理工具。 而以契約作為交易治理工具,會呈現何種風貌,經濟學家及法律學家均有對契約之特色,提出觀察。經濟學家提出所謂「不完全契約理論」,說明當事人所締結的契約大部分都是不完整的,以使契約保持彈性,面對未來可能產生的變化;法律學家則有「關係契約」之說,認為契約除了法律之約定外,尚會形成一法律以外之關係,而這層關係會隨著契約一起發展,成為維繫當事人交易之重要因素,也因為有這層非法律關係,使得當事人未必要完全依靠法律之機制,亦能使交易運作順暢。 上述這些契約的特色,在法院解釋契約時,將扮演重要的角色。契約是死的,但法院在解釋契約時,卻必須將其與當事人之交易結合,方能得到最符合交易實質之解釋結果。因此,本論文的第肆章,便是要探討法院應該如何在解釋商業契約時,做出最有效率而又符合當事人交易目的之解釋。考量商業交易之特性,筆者指出,法院在解釋商業契約時,必須採取一「關係」之方式,將當事人之契約放入交易關係中加以觀察,才能得出正確的解釋結果。法院應先確定契約是否成立,接著則是理解交易之特色及內涵,透過考察當事人契約之文義、交易慣習、交易過程以及履行過程等,填補當事人契約之漏洞;任意法規及一般法律原則則是在上述填補契約漏洞的方式無法得出結論時,方得援引之。而不論法院以任意規定或交易慣習等填補當事人之契約漏洞,交易關係都必須為其所考量。 商業交易之型態千變萬化,本文所提出之商業契約解釋方式,僅是一原則而已。在不同類型的契約中,契約解釋之原則仍必須做出適度的修正,以符合個案之要求。而這也是未來我國學說對契約解釋之研究可發展之方向。 Contracts play an important role in commercial transactions. As more and more firms establish long-term relationships to conduct transactions, businessmen enter into long-term contracts more often than before. For circumstances change constantly, contracts must be flexible enough to facilitate transactions between two parties, or contracts will be useless. Therefore, how to keep a flexible contract in a changeable economy is a vital issue in contract law. However, in Taiwan, the contract law scholarship does not pay much attention to this issue. On one hand, the scholarship has pointed out that some contract relationships last for a long time so that it should be regulated by different ways. On the other hand, it fails to find the connection between commercial transactions and commercial contracts. In this thesis, I attempt to establish the connection. Since how courts interpret and supplement contracts will influence the contractual flexibility, I want to find an approach that can help the courts. A transaction can be divided into two parts: the exchange and the contract. Following this logic, firstly I will describe the features that differentiate long-term transactions from discrete transactions. Then I will move on to explain how these features influence the design and interpretation of contracts. In the second chapter, I analyze the features of long-term transactions from the perspective of transaction cost. In long-term transactions, contractors will face uncertainty, observable but not verifiable information, and hold-ups resulting from specific transaction investments. To prevent contractors from taking opportunistic actions, transactions must be governed. If businessmen choose contracts to govern transactions, how contracts should be arranged and interpreted is an essential issue. In the third chapter, I explain how economists and legal scholars describe contracts. For economists, most contracts are incomplete. It is because these contracts have to keep some flexibility so that they can be adjusted to fit the change. For legal scholars, they propose that most contracts are relational contracts. As two parties enter into a transaction, a relationship, which cannot be described by the contract, will autonomously be formed between these two, and the transaction is governed by this relationship. Following the analysis in the third chapter, I try to point out how the theory of incomplete contracts and the theory of relational contracts influence contract interpretation and supplementation. I argue that since a commercial contract is a part of a transaction, contexts of the transaction, especially the relationship, must be taken into account when the court tries to fill the gaps in the contract. Only when the court can consider the contexts will the disputes over the contract be resolved efficiently and correctly. To sum up, I conclude that because of the features of long-term commercial transactions, the court must adopt a more “relationship” approach to fill the gaps in long-term commercial contracts so that the flexibility of the contract can be retained in a changeable economy. |
URI: | http://tdr.lib.ntu.edu.tw/jspui/handle/123456789/9795 |
全文授權: | 同意授權(全球公開) |
顯示於系所單位: | 法律學系 |
文件中的檔案:
檔案 | 大小 | 格式 | |
---|---|---|---|
ntu-97-1.pdf | 1.42 MB | Adobe PDF | 檢視/開啟 |
系統中的文件,除了特別指名其著作權條款之外,均受到著作權保護,並且保留所有的權利。