自然為本解決方案之研究：研究趨勢與生態系案例分析

Abstract

摘要 人為氣候變遷、災害風險、經濟與社會發展、糧食與水資源安全、環境退化以及生物多樣性喪失等社會挑戰，凸顯了「自然為本解決方案」（Nature-based Solutions, NbS）在應對這些議題時的重要性與日益提升的關注度。透過利用與恢復濕地和珊瑚礁等自然生態系，NbS 提供了顯著的共同效益，包括生態服務與經濟價值。儘管 NbS 有諸多優點，但我們對於其專案、協同效應與韌性的理解仍有限。本論文透過探討研究趨勢與生態系案例，深化我們對NbS的認識。第一部分建立一套整合性框架，透過對 117 篇同儕審查文章進行系統性文獻回顧，批判性地評估研究現況並繪製協同網絡，以引導未來策略發展。運用作者關鍵字與Keywords Plus的共現網絡分析，我們揭示NbS 的基礎研究結構，並凸顯出綠色基礎建設、環境治理、水文氣象災害、氣候變遷、生態系與生態系服務等核心主題。在此基礎上，我們提出一套 NbS 評估框架，並於論文第二部分應用於實際案例。本部分探討濕地與珊瑚礁這兩類對 NbS 至關重要的藍色生態系。以臺灣關渡濕地為例，我們分析其土地利用與土地覆蓋（LULC）的地理變遷，並評估其是否符合國際自然保育聯盟（IUCN）全球標準以及我們所提出之整合性評估架構。根據2007–2018與2018–2021年的LULC量化資料，結果顯示前一階段的總變化量（包含增減與類別轉換）為57.1%，後一階段則為32.7%。與濕地利害關係人的訪談指出，其在「利益與責任平衡取捨」等評估指標上得分較高，顯示此類價值已被認可與獲得維護。我們的評估亦顯示，在所有分類中，「挑戰」與「目標」得分最高，而「經濟」類別得分最低。此外，本論文亦探討COVID-19對NbS行動，特別是珊瑚復育工作的影響。儘管多數研究指出COVID-19期間對珊瑚存活率與覆蓋率有正面效益，但關於其型態學、功能性與生物多樣性變化的深入分析仍然稀少。本研究於菲律賓馬比尼地區的「海巡營地珊瑚復育點」，分別於疫情前（2020）與疫情後（2023）進行底棲調查。整體而言，本研究綜整NbS相關研究，並應用於濕地與珊瑚礁等重要淡水與海洋生態系之中。第三部分聚焦於管理層面，我們強調利害關係人參與與跨部門合作，以及持續的生態監測，是未來推動成本效益評估的關鍵。透過評估生態系對全球變遷的反應，本論文提供可操作的保育與永續管理建議，並強調長期監測的重要性。研究結果呼籲採取積極措施保護這些生態系，展現NbS在面對前所未有挑戰下的韌性與調適能力。

關鍵詞：基於自然的解決方案(NbS)、恢復、生態監測、海洋生態系統、韌性

Abstract Societal challenges such as anthropogenic climate change, disaster risk, economic and social development, food and water security, environmental degradation, and biodiversity loss have underscored the growing relevance of nature-based solutions (NbS) in addressing these issues. By utilizing and restoring natural ecosystems such as wetlands and coral reefs, NbS offer significant co-benefits, including ecological services and economic value. Despite the benefits, our understanding of NbS projects, their synergies, and resilience remains limited. This dissertation advances our understanding of NbS through exploring research trends and ecosystem case studies. The first section developed an integrative framework for NbS by critically assessing the research landscape and mapping synergies to guide future strategies through a systematic review of 117 peer-reviewed articles. Using co-occurrence networks with authors’ keywords and keywords plus, we uncover foundational NbS research structures and highlight themes such as green infrastructure, environmental management, hydro-meteorological hazards, climate change, ecosystem, and ecosystem services. Based on these insights, we propose an NbS assessment framework, which is applied in the second part of this study. This section investigates wetlands and corals which are blue ecosystems crucial for NbS. In Guandu Wetlands, Taiwan, we analyzed both physical geography of the land use and land cover (LULC) and evaluated its alignment with the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) global standards and our integrative assessment framework. By quantifying LULC between 2007-2018 and 2018-2021, our investigation reveals a total change (including gains, losses, and swaps) of 57.1 % from 2007 to 2018, and 32.7 from 2018 to 2021. Interviews with wetland stakeholders reveal high scores for criteria related to balanced trade-offs, indicating that benefits and responsibilities are acknowledged and safeguarded. Our assessment also shows that Challenges and Targets scored the highest, while the Economic category scored the lowest. Furthermore, this dissertation discusses the effects of COVID-19 on NbS initiatives, specifically coral restoration. Although numerous studies indicate positive impacts on coral survival and coverage during COVID-19, in-depth analyses of morphological, functional, and biodiversity changes remain scarce. Our study conducted benthic surveys in the Maritime Police Camp coral restoration site (Mabini, Philippines) during pre- (2020) and post-COVID (2023). Overall, this research synthesizes NbS studies and explores it to important freshwater and marine ecosystems such as wetlands and coral reefs. The third step focuses on management. We emphasize that stakeholder engagement and collaboration coupled with continuous ecological monitoring is essential to facilitate cost-benefit studies in the future. This dissertation advances NbS understanding by assessing ecosystems’ responses to global changes and provides actionable insights for conservation and sustainable management and highlights the importance of long-term monitoring. Our findings advocate for proactive measures to preserve these ecosystems and demonstrate NbS’ resilience and adaptive capacity amid unprecedented challenges. Keywords: Nature-based Solutions, Restoration, Environmental Monitoring, Blue Ecosystems, Resilience