探討安置機構實踐表意權的作法－以園生代表制為例

Abstract

根據《兒童權利公約》，兒童應被視為有能力表達意見的主體，在與自身相關事務中享有參與決策的權利。現有文獻肯定集體參與制度的潛力，但對安置脈絡下實務經驗討論有限，亦缺乏相關實證研究。本研究旨在探討「園生代表制」於安置機構中的實際運作方式及其如何形塑兒少表意權之實踐樣態。採用質性之個案研究法，選取曾實施「園生代表制」的安置機構為場域，訪談5名園生及6名工作者，並輔以園代會議紀錄與申訴資料，進行主題與內容分析。研究結果顯示，園生代表制確實促進兒少參與家園事務，提升其表意能力、自主性與能動性，有助於家規調整，平衡兒少需求與機構管理，同時提升兒少福祉。不過，安置機構雖試圖由權控轉向尊重與合作模式，仍受限於結構與環境因素，兒少表意空間有限，難以真正共享決策。此外，園生代表制可能加劇權力落差，需謹慎界定職權並預警潛在風險，特別是在園代制與申訴機制銜接時，應明確區分集體議題與個別申訴，避免混淆與負面影響。再者，推動表意機制前，應優先培養兒少權利意識與權利能力，並強化工作者的培訓與支持。所有制度參與者需在認知、期待與共識上達成一致，以減少落差造成之阻力。最後，園生代表制並非適用於所有安置體系，應審慎評估其適配性。本研究提出之建議如下：政府應統整安置機構推動兒少參與的實務經驗，制定明確指引，投入足夠人力、經費與培訓，協助機構落實參與機制；學界應深化相關研究，透過多元個案與脈絡分析，探索穩定可行的兒少參與模式；機構推動園生代表制時，需確保兒少與工作人員充分知情準備，循序導入機制，並結合多元表意管道與申訴制度，保障兒少表達與決策權利。

According to the Convention on the Rights of the Child, children are recognized as capable of expressing and participating in decisions affecting them. However, Collective participation mechanisms show potential, but practical experience and empirical research in this context remain scarce. This study aims to explore how the Foster Youth Representative Council operates within residential care institutions and how it shapes the practice of children’s right to be heard. Using a qualitative case study approach, the research draws on interviews with five youths and six staff members, as well as analysis of council records and grievance documents through thematic and content analysis. Findings reveal that the council enhances youth participation, autonomy, agency, and well-being by facilitating adjustments to house rules that balance the needs of youth with institutional management. However, structural and environmental constraints limit genuine shared decision-making, while the council risks reinforcing internal power imbalances. Critical measures include clearly defining representative roles, differentiating collective issues from individual complaints, and cultivating children's rights awareness alongside comprehensive staff training. Consensus among stakeholders is essential to reduce implementation barriers. As the model's efficacy is context-dependent, prudent assessment of institutional suitability is required. The study recommends that governments consolidate institutional practices with clear guidelines and adequate resources; researchers deepen empirical investigations into participatory models through comparative case analysis; and institutions implement mechanisms gradually with preparation, integrating diverse expression channels to safeguard children's rights.