酒廠放流水回收灌溉對小麥與高粱栽培之影響—以金門地區為例

Abstract

面對未來氣候變遷可能導致農業缺水問題加劇，過去研究顯現放流水應用於農業灌溉的潛力包含(1)增加農業灌溉水源，緩解乾燥地區缺水困境(2)供給作物生長所需營養(3)提升土壤肥力減少施肥量(4)降低放流水排放汙染。本研究即利用金門酒廠放流水(Kinmen Kaoliang Liquor effluent, KKL)與后壟溪水依20%KKL、40%KKL、60%KKL、80%KKL比例混合，在金門現地進行小麥(Triticum aestivum L.)及高粱(Sorghum bicolor L.)種植試驗，分析利用放流水灌溉對土壤性質以及鉀、鈉、鈣、鎂、磷等元素在植體根、莖、葉、穗部位的累積分布影響。 水質分析結果顯示金門酒廠放流水具有高營養鹽與低重金屬含量特性，具有應用於農業灌溉的價值，然而其高電導度(>3600µS/cm)、高鈉吸著率(>12 (meq/L)1/2)與高氯鹽含量(>190 mg/L)的特性可能造成鹽度及鈉危害，不利農業環境永續發展。隨著放流水配比增加，土壤電導度與鉀、鈉、鈣、鎂、磷、有效性磷、有效性鉀濃度均隨之提升。並且小麥產量在60%KKL有最大值，相較控制組提高了12.7%。 小麥植體於收成時鉀在莖中濃度最高，且總量最多分布於莖可達70.0%；鈉在莖中濃度最高，且總量最多分布於莖可達74.0%；鈣在葉中濃度最高，然而總量最多分布於莖可達44.1%；鎂在葉中濃度最高，然而總量最多分布於穗可達71.4%；磷在穗中濃度最高，然而總量最多分布於莖可達88.1%。高粱植體於收成時鉀在莖中濃度最高，且總量最多分布於莖可達67.1%；鈉在根中濃度最高，且總量最多分布於根可達54.2%；鈣在葉中濃度最高，然而總量最多分布於莖可達51.4%；鎂在莖中濃度最高，且總量最多分布於莖可達62.0%；磷在穗中濃度最高，然而總量最多分布於莖可達49.4%。 隨著放流水配比增加，收成時小麥與高粱植體中鉀、鈉、鈣、鎂、磷累積濃度除了鈣在高粱葉中顯著降低外，其餘濃度均為持平或顯著提升，並且不同放流水配比對各元素總量在植體各部位的分布比例變化不明顯，多受到各部位生物量隨生長期的變化影響。鈉的易位因子低於其他元素，顯示植物對鈉的排斥性，並且不同放流水配比對植體各元素易位因子的影響不明顯。透過灌溉水質與植體鉀、鈉、鈣、鎂、磷元素含量計算土壤濃度變化量，與實測土壤濃度變化量比較，發現植體元素吸收量相較灌溉水元素供給量影響不大，灌溉水元素供給量是影響土壤元素濃度累積的主要因子，並且隨著放流水配比增加表現出的土壤元素濃度累積增加趨勢與實測值一致。小麥與高粱兩次試驗間不同放流水配比對於土壤及植體元素累積影響趨勢不盡相同，可能是由於作物物種間差異、個體間的差異或其他變因所致，且可能因此導致對作物產量與作物品質不同的影響。未來有待更多研究進行，擴大樣本總數與重複驗證，以增進研究結果參考價值，並期望本研究可提供放流水應用於農業灌溉管理上的建議。

Faced with the potential for exacerbated agricultural water shortages due to climate change, past research has demonstrated the potential of using effluent for agricultural irrigation. This includes: (1)Increasing water sources for agricultural irrigation, alleviating water scarcity in arid areas, (2)Supplying nutrients needed for crop growth, (3)Enhancing soil fertility and reducing the amount of fertilizer needed, (4)Reducing pollution from effluent discharge. This study growing wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.).by using effluent from the Kinmen Kaoliang Liquor (KKL) and Houlong Creek mixed in ratios of 20% KKL, 40% KKL, 60% KKL, and 80% KKL for field experiments in Kinmen. The study analyzes the impact of effluent irrigation on soil properties and the accumulation and distribution of elements such as potassium, sodium, calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus in different plant parts: roots, stems, leaves, and grains, which may affect plant growth and the quality of agricultural products. Water quality analysis result shows that the effluent from the Kinmen Kaoliang Liquor is high in nutrients and low in heavy metals, making it valuable for agricultural irrigation. However, its high electrical conductivity (>3600 µS/cm), high sodium adsorption ratio (>12 (meq/L)1/2), and high chloride content (>190 mg/L) may cause salinity and sodium hazards, which are detrimental to the sustainable development of the agricultural environment. As the proportion of effluent increases, the soil electrical conductivity and the concentrations of potassium, sodium, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, available phosphorus, and available potassium all increase. Wheat yield is highest at 60% KKL, with an increase of 12.7% compared to the control group. At harvest, the highest concentration of potassium in wheat plants is found in the stems, with up to 70.0% of the total amount distributed there. Sodium also shows the highest concentration in the stems, with up to 74.0% of the total distributed there. Calcium is most concentrated in the leaves, but 44.1% of the total is in the stems. Magnesium is most concentrated in the leaves, but 71.4% of the total is in the spikes. Phosphorus is most concentrated in the spikes, but 88.1% of the total is in the stems. In sorghum plants at harvest, potassium is most concentrated in the stems, with up to 67.1% of the total there. Sodium is most concentrated in the roots, with up to 54.2% of the total there. Calcium is most concentrated in the leaves, but 51.4% of the total is in the stems. Magnesium is most concentrated in the stems, with up to 62.0% of the total there. Phosphorus is most concentrated in the spikes, but 49.4% of the total is in the stems. As the proportion of effluent increases, the accumulation concentrations of potassium, sodium, calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus in wheat and sorghum plants at harvest either remain stable or significantly increase, except for a significant decrease in calcium in sorghum leaves. The different effluent ratios do not significantly affect the distribution proportions of total elements in plant parts, which are mostly influenced by changes in biomass of each part during the growth period. The translocation factor of sodium is lower than that of other elements, indicating that plants resist to sodium, and the different effluent ratios do not significantly affect the translocation factor of elements in plants. By calculating concentration changes in soil using irrigation water quality and plant content of potassium, sodium, calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus and comparing them with measured soil concentration changes, it is found that the uptake of elements by plants has less impact than the supply of elements by irrigation water, which is the main factor influencing soil element concentration accumulation. The trend of increasing soil element concentration with increasing effluent ratios is consistent with measured values. The trends of soil and plant element accumulation in different effluent ratios between the wheat and sorghum trials are not entirely consistent, which may be due to differences between crop species, individual differences, or other reasons, possibly affecting crop yield and quality differently. More research is needed in the future to expand the sample size and repeat verifications to enhance the reference value of the research, with the hope that this study can provide suggestions for effluent application in agricultural irrigation management.