考量揚塵與車輛磨損下電動車與燃油車路徑排程之空氣汙染排放分析

Abstract

隨著環境問題日益受到關注，交通運輸領域對污染排放的影響引起了廣泛的研究興趣。現有研究多集中於尾氣排放，然而非尾氣排放，如煞車磨損、輪胎磨損、道路磨損以及揚塵，卻同樣對空氣質量有著不可忽視的影響。本研究旨在建立一個多取貨和送貨車輛路徑問題模型，該模型不僅考量了尾氣排放，還首次將非尾氣排放納入考量，並進一步考慮了包括薪資成本、燃油成本及電量成本在內的綜合成本結構。本研究通過比較兩種不同的模型：不考慮重量相關條件的模型A以及考慮固定重量相關條件的模型B，探討了不同目標成本在不同模型且在相同情境下的結果。模型A與過往的多取貨和送貨車輛路徑問題的最大差異在於加入了非尾氣排放成本的考量，而模型B則在此基礎上進一步引入了重量變數及其限制式。結果顯示，車輛重量及電動車是否使用再生煞車對於非尾氣排放具有顯著影響，這一發現為未來在車輛選擇和車隊管理方面提供了新的視角。在實際應用方面，本研究的結果可為運輸企業提供策略性建議，幫助其在降低總排放量的同時，平衡運輸成本與環境影響。此外，本研究的模型也為後續的研究提供了可擴展的框架，未來可以考慮納入更多實際操作條件，如車輛購買成本和動態路，以提升模型的實用性。

As environmental issues gain increasing attention, the impact of transportation on pollution emissions has become a significant area of research. Pollution emissions include both exhaust and non-exhaust emissions, with non-exhaust emissions originating from brake wear, tire wear, road wear, and resuspended particles. This study aims to develop a multi-pickup and delivery vehicle routing problem model that considers both exhaust and non-exhaust PM2.5 emissions, wages, fuel costs, and electricity costs. By comparing two different models—Model A, which does not consider weight-related constraints; and Model B, which considers fixed weight-related constraints. Model A differs from previous multi-pickup and delivery problem studies by incorporating non-exhaust emission costs, whereas previous research often considered electric vehicles as zero-emission vehicles. Model B adds weight-related conditions, adding weight variables and constraints compared to Model A. The results indicate that Models A and B yield similar outcomes. The results of this study indicate that vehicle weight and the use of regenerative braking in electric vehicles have a significant impact on non-exhaust emissions. In practical terms, the results of this study can provide strategic recommendations for transportation companies, helping them balance transportation costs and environmental impact while minimizing total emissions. Moreover, the model presented in this study offers a scalable framework for future research, with potential extensions including the consideration of vehicle purchase costs and dynamic vehicle weight to enhance the model's applicability.