最後的八旗：從帝制到共和的伊犂邊疆治理（1884-1938）

Abstract

本文旨在以實證方法，考察伊犂八旗駐防在新疆建省後的運作至其終結的歷程，由此了解八旗制度的運作和終結，以及伊犂在這一時段歷史研究中的不足。 伊犂將軍及所屬八旗駐防在新疆建省後未被裁撤，與滿漢衝突無涉，主要是職官權力重新分配上的問題。維持駐防，保留將軍，並定「伊塔文武歸巡撫管轄，伊塔鎮道仍受將軍節制」的事權劃分，看似妥協撫軍的折衷辦法，卻形成「新伊分治」的狀態。新疆政制未能整合、事權無法劃一，才是新疆建省以來邊疆治理一直存在的核心問題。 伊犂的軍府體制在新疆行省中續存的另一原因，是伊犂八旗駐防舊制在「族群文化」和「國家安全」的傳統功能並非行省之制一時之間可以取代。伊犂將軍在西北極邊擔任「溝通滿漢，聯絡內外」的橋樑角色，有效維繫兩滿營、四愛曼、蒙哈游牧等各族屬眾與領土疆域的穩定，在新疆建省以來兩階段的「新政」取得傲人成績。 民國年間，伊犂八旗舊制受到沿用的思維及實踐，是清季的延續，對於「新伊分治」狀態的持續討論，亦是新疆建省以來所存邊疆治理核心問題的再檢驗。 伊犂辛亥革命的爆發，亦非滿漢間的衝突，而是旗人廣福與志銳有隙，聯合革命黨起事的結果。其後伊犂與新疆的交戰對峙，雙方都通過八旗制度的傳統權威、從屬關係，策反或動員四愛曼旗人。儘管伊犂將軍的職稱在共和肇建之後迭經更名，但在職權的行使上均仍照清季伊犂將軍之舊，同時也保留伊犂八旗建置的四領隊官，維持清代的滿文命令下達形式，號令動員四愛曼，繼續負責在中國西北邊境上坐卡巡邊、入伍服役、對俄交涉的國安職能。直至張培元任伊犂屯墾使，遭盛世才藉蘇軍外力擊敗，新疆省軍全面進入接管伊犂，加上四愛曼旗丁經連年動員，人口銳減，已無力再受徵調，一切清代的旗營職官舊制才在民國27年（1938）盛世才主新期間遭到裁撤，改為設治局，至此宣告八旗制度的終結。 本研究強調，族群的因素並非新疆議題的萬用解釋，有其存在的層次，革命史觀中以滿漢畛域為核心的民族關係論述，有其限制。由此可見：新疆行省的新制不盡然都是出於現代性的設計，維持伊犂八旗駐防舊制亦非都是出於傳統保守的陳腐考量；儘管八旗制度是清朝的滿洲統治者維持其族群特殊性的重要載體，但並不完全與漢人、漢化是對立、衝突的存在，所扮演維繫「漢與非漢」、「腹裏與邊疆」的意義，更值得受到重視。

This paper aims to use empirical methods to examine the operation and dissolution of the Ili Eight Banners Garrison after the establishment of Xinjiang Province. It seeks to understand the demise of the Eight Banner System and to address the shortcomings in historical research on Ili during this period. After the establishment of Xinjiang Province, the Ili Garrison General and the associated Eight Banners Garrison were not abolished. This was unrelated to Manchu-Han ethnic conflicts, but rather concerned the redistribution of official powers between the Xinjiang Provincial Governor and the Ili Garrison General. The “separation of Xinjiang and Ili” was the core issue after the establishment of Xinjiang Province. Another reason for the continuation of the military government system in Ili within the Xinjiang Province was that the traditional functions of the Eight Banner System in “ethnic culture” and “national security” could not be immediately replaced by the provincial system. The Ili General played a pivotal role as a bridge in the far northwest, “facilitating communication between the Manchu and Han, and connecting China proper and the frontier.” This effectively maintained the stability of various ethnic groups and territories, including the Manchu, Sibe, Solon, Cahar, Oirat, Mongols, and Kazakh nomads. As a result, remarkable achievements were made in the two phases of the “New Policies” since the establishment of Xinjiang Province in the late Qing China. During the Republican era, the reasons for the continued use of the Eight Banner System in Ili were the same as those in the late Qing. The ongoing discussions about the “separation of Xinjiang and Ili” were also a reexamination of the core issues in frontier governance that had existed since the establishment of Xinjiang Province. As to the outbreak of the 1911 Revolution in Ili, it was not a conflict between the Manchu and Han, but rather the result of a feud between two Bannermen, Zhirui and Guangfu, who joined forces with the revolutionary party to stage the revolution. Subsequent confrontations between Ili and Xinjiang saw both sides leveraging the traditional authority and subordinate relationships of the Eight Banner System to instigate defections and mobilize the Four Tribes Bannermen. Although the title of the Ili General was repeatedly renamed after the founding of the Republic, the exercise of its powers still followed the precedent set by the Ili General during the late Qing period. And the four commanding officers of the Ili Eight Banners establishment were retained, continuing the Qing dynasty practice of issuing orders in Manchu to command and mobilize the Four Tribes Bannermen. They continued to be responsible for national security functions such as garrisoning posts known as “karun,” patrolling borders, enlisting for military service, and negotiating with Russia on the northwest frontier of China. It was not until Zhang Peiyuan was defeated by Sheng Shicai with the support of Soviet forces, leading to the Xinjiang provincial military fully taking over Ili, that the continuous mobilization of the Four Tribes Bannermen over the years had severely reduced their population, rendering them unable to be conscripted further. Consequently, all the old Qing-era banner system positions were abolished during Sheng Shicai’s administration in 1938 and were replaced by administrative offices, marking the end of the Eight Banner System. This study emphasizes that ethnicity factors are not an unlimited explanation for Xinjiang issues. The narrative of ethnic relations centered on the Manchu-Han divide within the revolutionary historical perspective has its limitations. The research findings suggest that the new system of Xinjiang Province was not entirely driven by modernity, and the retention of the old Ili Eight Banners Garrison system was not solely due to traditional or conservative considerations. Although the Eight Banner System was an important means for the Manchu rulers of the Qing dynasty to maintain their ethnic identity, it was not entirely opposed to or in conflict with the Han Chinese and sinicization. The system’s role in maintaining the relationship between “Han and non-Han” and “the interior and the frontier” deserves greater attention.