以社會－生態系統觀點探討原鄉部落露營場共用資源永續治理

Abstract

露營活動之便利性及舒適性受露營者與遊客重視，現代化設施需求也隨之提高，驅使產業朝向高度開發與資源取用方向前進。原住民部落自然環境條件符合露營者嚮往的田園意境，造就現代化露營場鑲嵌於原鄉部落的複合景致。受外部社會經濟環境變遷影響，多元行動者透過露營活動進入部落，雖有機會活絡部落內部社會經濟網絡，但也提升環境擾動與生態耗損風險，亦可能面臨新型資源交換結構之失衡困境。在地生態資源系統提供露營活動事業運作空間，而社會系統下的治理體系則牽制與調節自然資源的分配與利用。

本研究聚焦新竹縣尖石鄉新樂村水田部落，借鏡社會－生態系統理論架構觀點，探討該地區於露營場進入後共用資源的使用與分配情形，以及多方行動者、治理單位體制如何參與分配調適。研究方法以質性取徑為主，透過半結構式深度訪談、田野觀察與文獻分析方式，探討政府制度管理、地方尺度組織行動、傳統規範與知識等不同治理向度之交互作用，藉以尋覓一條接近永續價值的治理途徑。

本研究主要結論有三點：第一，部落資源分配情形背後反映私有化框架中發展出的不同身份、階級資源競合；而這樣的資源配置結構中，在地居民是最容易被邊緣化的角色。第二，從小尺度部落傳統脈絡下共用資源的集體觀點出發，有助以透過社會性與規範性核心精神凝聚集體自治共管，約束個體與驅使群體行動。第三，即使部落會議當前處於醞釀階段，但該組織循地方紋理與脈絡發展，可見具備以在地部落為主體出發的組織潛能；另外宗教組織嵌入在地勢力，可視為重要的資源治理在地角色。以在地組織作為跨部門交流平台，建立橫向、縱向分工協力，是更趨近穩健社會－生態系統的合作治理重要策略。

Campers and tourists are increasingly concerned about convenience and comfort in camping, leading to a higher demand for modern facilities and driving campsites towards overexploitation and resource utilization. The environmental conditions of indigenous tribes align with rural idyll, resulting in glamping sites being embedded in the native tribal landscape. Influenced by external socio-economic changes, diverse actors engage in camping activities within tribes. While this may revitalize internal socio-economic networks, it also raises the risk of environmental disturbance and ecological degradation, and may encounter challenges in balancing new resource exchange structures. Local ecological resource systems provide operational space for camping activities, while the governance system under the social system regulates and allocates natural resources. This study focuses on the Shuitian Tribe in Xinle Village, Jianshi Township, Hsinchu County. Concepts and arguments developed within a social-ecological system framework are drawn upon to flesh out a theoretical logic to aid understanding of the influences of common resources under the development of campsites and how various stakeholders engage in allocation adjustments. The research primarily employs qualitative methods, including semi-structured in-depth interviews, field observations, and document analysis, to examine the interaction of different governance dimensions such as formal government management, local organizational actions, traditional norms, and knowledge. The aim is to find a governance path that aligns with sustainable values.

The main conclusions of this study are threefold. First, the distribution of material resources in the tribes reflects the competition among different identities and class resources that has developed under the framework of privatization. In this resource allocation structure, local residents are the most likely to be marginalized. Second, starting from the collective perspective of shared resources under the traditional context of small-scale tribes, it is conducive to condensing collective self-governance through the core spirit of sociality and normativity, restraining individual actions and driving group actions. Third, although the current stage of tribal council is in the immature phase, the organization shows potential for development based on local tribal dynamics. Additionally, religious organizations embedded in local forces play an important role in local resource governance. By using local organizations as a platform for cross-departmental communication, establishing horizontal and vertical division of collaborative governance, this is a crucial strategy for achieving more robust socio-ecological system governance.