營造綜合工程保險附加條款之研究-以水利工程為例

Abstract

「營造綜合工程保險」乃因營造工程風險極高、個案異質性懸殊，且承保條件限制多，無法用「大數法則」作歸納統計去訂定費率，亦難以適用於一般保險學的基本原理。且近年來由於台灣天災人禍頻傳，台灣營造工程已被大部分國際保險公司列為高風險「黑名單」，使得國際再保公司不是撤離台灣工程保險市場，就是提高承保門檻；再者，保險公司又以加貼附加條款作為手段，限制災損賠償金額，承包商為符業主合約要求也僅能勉強接受，否則將面臨無法承保之窘境。 承包商為降低費率而提高營造綜合工程保險自負額，雖然此問題已有所改善，但卻是以加貼縮限保障之附加條款作為替代。以水利工程常加貼133水利工程附加條款為例，規定儲物料需置放於高於過去廿年紀錄最高水位或發生頻率廿年一次洪水位以上之高地，最多只以三日內所需用量為限，若出險期間為六至十月，自負額都需乘以條款規定之倍數，對於儲物料規定實際施工面難以達成，自負額加乘倍數亦限縮了被保險人的保障權益，許多附加條款規定皆有規避工程主風險之虞，本研究以最難覓保的水利工程為例，歸納統計某產險公司2006至2009年間50份水利工程保單，以其常加貼之附加條款為探討主軸，針對保單內影響被保險人權益的最深的費率、自負額、附加條款和保單內容等加以論述及探討，50份保單內包含了三件出險案例，並以此三件出險案例，闡述目前水利工程保險常加貼之附加條款，對於案件出險所產生之影響。 本研究係以水利工程險保單為例，針對較常出現之附加條款的合理性為主要探討內容，除暸解水利工程保險制度現況外，並就爭議性條款之費率結構等作一概括性探討。彙整目前水利工程保險制度與現況之困難，歸納三方對於現有附加條款之意見，提出增減刪修與合理性費率之建議。

Engineering all risks insurance encounters difficulties in setting reasonable rates according to majority rule, and it is also hard to comply with the general insurance principles. A few factors contribute to the situation: high risks of engineering projects, large scale of differences in project uniqueness, and immense underwriting conditions. Due to frequent natural disasters and human-caused accidents, most international insurance companies keep Taiwanese engineering projects in their blacklist. It results in withdrawal of international reinsurance companies and lifted underwriting conditions. In addition, insurance companies attach endorsement clauses to limit damage compensation. In order to gain favor of the insurance company and the owner, and to avoid the loss of insurance, contractors have no choice but embracing the underwriting conditions and additional articles reluctantly. Therefore, contractors often need to increase the insurance deducible to lower the rate. Even though efforts are made to improve the situation, endorsement clauses to limit coverage began to emerge as replacements. Take the Article 133 in hydropower projects regulations for example, it states materials to be stored in places no lower than the highest water line over the past twenty years or the flood water level of the flood occurring every twenty years. The compensation for materials is limited to the amount for three-day usage only. Furthermore, if the endangerment is between June and October, the deducible will increase by the multiple stated in the contract. In fact, there are many difficulties for engineering when it comes to the height of material storage; the multiplied deducible also cuts back on security of rights of the insured. This paper seeks examples in hydropower projects, which claims the most difficulties in gaining insurance, and calculates fifty policies of a certain insurance company between 2006 and 2009. The discussion will circulate about some common endorsement clauses in the policy and go further into details of rates, deducible, additional articles, and content of the policy which have the most effects on the insured. There will be 3 cases of endangerment in the fifty policies reviewed, and they will be the basis from which extends the discussion about how additional articles influence the endangerment. The reasonableness of additional articles will be the focal point of the paper, and then we shall go through a general discussion about the fee structure of the controversial articles. Through collecting information on insurance policies and difficulties of engineering, This paper will then contain the three parties’ opinions on present additional articles, and propose suggestions on article and rate adjustments.