朱鶴齡《左氏春秋集說》研究

Abstract

明末清初學者朱鶴齡於文學、經學的創作與研究上，皆產出質實成果，並展現與有明一代學者不同氣象；同時，他與當時大儒錢謙益、顧炎武等皆有密切交流，對明清之際的學風轉變深具重要性。然而，目前學界對朱鶴齡研究不多，其「尤費苦心」的《春秋》學則關注極少。為探析朱氏的《春秋》學成就，本文以其《左氏春秋集說》為研究對象，透過明末學風的探究、《集說》創作要旨與解經原則的分析，進而歸結朱鶴齡在清初學界的定位與學術價值。 為使研究問題獲得凸顯，本論文關注議題有以下四項：其一，考察朱鶴齡生平與著作，並由後人評價與近代研究探析其治學方法的共通性，彰顯朱氏經學的時代特徵。其二，梳理明清之際學風，鎖定明中葉以來「空疏不學」的弊病，及明末學者的覺察與批評，進而研究朱氏在《集說》中如何回應與矯正前揭風氣。其三，研究《左氏春秋集說》的經解內容，著重分析其多元客觀的解經方法，以及「程朱為宗」的義理申論，由之印證朱氏對治明末風氣的用心，及其對倫理秩序的申明與維護。其四，分析《集說》於凡例的依違態度，與其對《春秋》「據事直書」的史書性質判定，歸結朱鶴齡貫串全書的解經原則。 藉由以上的議題探究，本文得出以下研究結果：其一，《左氏春秋集說》所表現的解經方法及態度，與當時明末空疏學風全然相反，矯正之意甚為明顯。其二，朱鶴齡一方面以倫理秩序作為義理的終極關懷，另一方面則透過廣博、務實的原則，藉以維繫論述的客觀性與真實性。透過前揭結論，朱鶴齡《左氏春秋集說》在清初學風轉向之際所扮演的角色，不會僅侷限在考據學的運用，而是以務實宏闊的治學氣象，為有清「實學」進行多面向的奠基與鋪路。

In this thesis, I will focus on Zhu He-ling’s(朱鶴齡) work Variorum of Zho’s Spring and Autumn Annals(《左氏春秋集說》), exploring it achievement and position in early Qing dynasties’ academia. I argue that in late Ming and early Qing periods, scholars such as Zhu, who had close communication with contemporary Confucian scholars like Qian Qian-yi(錢謙益) and Gu Yan-wu(顧炎武), also through the work to show his effort to the transition of Ming to Qing periods’ academic atmosphere. However, Zhu He-ling’s research has not received much attention in today’s academia, particularly in his diligently study of the Spring and Autumn Annals.(《春秋》) In this thesis, I will analyzing the academic atmosphere of the late Ming period, the purpose and principles of Zhu’s Variorum, and ultimately, positioning Zhu He-ling’s scholarly value in the Qing dynasty academic community and assessing his scholarly value.

To accentuate the research problem above, the thesis pay close attention to four main issues: Firstly, examines Zhu He-ling''s life and works, and probes his scholarly methods through later appraisals and modern research to illustrate the characteristics of the times of his Chinese Classics studies. Secondly, reviews the academic atmosphere during the Ming and Qing periods transition, focuses on the ignorance and incompetence learning disadvantages since the mid-Ming period, than studies how Zhu responded to and corrected these trends through the Variorum. Thirdly, analyzes the content of Variorum of Zho’s Spring and Autumn Annals, emphasizes its diverse and objective interpret methods, the cogitation discuss which based on Cheng-Zhu school(程朱學), and confirms Zhu''s intention to rectify the academic atmosphere of the late Ming period, also his declaration of ethical order. Lastly, analyzes Zhu''s attitude towards “explanatory notes,”(凡例) and his determination of the historical nature of the Spring and Autumn Annals, to conclude Zhu He-ling''s interpret principles throughout the book.

Through the exploration of these issues, the thesis draws the following conclusions: Firstly, the interpret methods and attitudes displayed in the Zho’s Spring and Autumn Annals are entirely contrary to the late Ming period’s academic atmosphere, indicating a clear intention of rectification. Secondly, Zhu He-ling prioritizes ethical order as the ultimate concern of righteousness while maintaining objectivity and truthfulness through broad and pragmatic principles. The thesis concludes that Zhu He-ling''s role of the shift academic atmosphere in early Qing, should not be limited to the evidential research but should be seen as laying a foundation for a multifaceted approach to “practical learning”(實學) in the Qing dynasty.