寒溪村宜蘭クレオールの格標示について─「ni」格を中心に─

Abstract

台灣是一片承載著豐富的語言及歷史的土地，在時間的長河中，不同的語言交織出許多奧妙又有趣的語言現象。真田（2015：4）將「台灣之中因語言接觸而發生的現象」分成三個種類，其一為台灣本土語言與日語接觸之後產生的一種新語言，即宜蘭克里奧爾。宜蘭克里奧爾以日語為上層語言（superstratum），泰雅語為底層語言（substratum），台灣閩南語和台灣華語則為旁層語言（adstratum）（簡2018b：31）。該語言雖在詞彙及文法上皆與日語極為相似，實則已形成了獨特的語言體系（真田、簡2008）。其中，格位標記雖然在形態上與日語的格助詞相似，卻已發展出獨特的使用方式（真田、簡2008：73）。

在宜蘭克里奧爾的格位標記方面，Chien（2016）點出了「ni」格的使用與名詞的生命性有關，但其實際使用情況、傾向性，以及「ni」格與日語和泰雅語之間的比較關係並未清楚闡明。因此，本論文將聚焦於宜蘭克里奧爾的格位標記中的「ni」格，詳細研究其功能和特性。本研究參考日語格位標示的相關文獻製作出訪談表後，再透過田野調查於寒溪村收集語言資料。首先，對「ni」格的功能進行分類，分析其使用傾向等。最後，關於宜蘭克里奧爾的「ni」格，本研究闡明了以下三點。

第一點，宜蘭克里奧爾的「ni」格主要擔任與格（dative）的功能，同時也被用作處所格（locative）和方向格（allative）。與格基本功能為標記「間接受詞」，但在宜蘭克里奧爾中，「ni」格除了標記「間接受詞」外，還能標記「被使役者」的角色。此外，宜蘭克里奧爾在標記地點或時間時，也有固定的形式，即「場所概念＋ni/tokoro」和「時間概念＋ni/toki ni」。

第二點，本研究釐清了宜蘭克里奧爾與格「ni」和名詞生命性之間之關聯。在宜蘭克里奧爾中會根據前置名詞的生命性決定是否標記與格「ni」。人類名詞被視為與格的對象，因此使用與格「ni」來標記；而無生命名詞由於缺乏意志，在宜蘭克里奧爾中作為直接受詞處理，故使用零標記。由此標記上的差異可見，宜蘭克里奧爾中的「ni」格基本上是作為與格使用。

第三點，本研究也釐清了宜蘭克里奧爾「ni」格與其上層語言日語和底層語言泰雅語之間的關係。「ni」格在形式上與功能上皆和日語的「ニ格」非常相似，但其格位標記受到名詞生命性支配，以及「toko（tokoro）」的使用，皆是受到泰雅語機制的影響而發展出的獨特功能與用法。

Taiwan is a land rich in languages and history, where different languages intertwine to create many fascinating linguistic phenomena over time. Sanada (2015) identifies three types of phenomena arising from language contact in Taiwan, one of which is a new language called Yilan Creole resulting from contact between Taiwanese indigenous languages and Japanese. Yilan Creole has Japanese as the superstratum language, Atayal as the substratum language, and Taiwanese Minnan and Mandarin as the adstratum languages (Chien 2018b: 31). This language not only shares similarities in vocabulary with Japanese but also exhibits similar grammatical features; however, it has developed its own unique linguistic system (Sanada and Chien 2008). Among these, while case markers bear formal resemblance to Japanese case particles, they have evolved unique usage patterns (Sanada and Chien 2008: 73).

Chien (2016) points out that the use of the "ni" case marker in Yilan Creole is related to the animacy of nouns, but the actual usage, tendencies, and its comparison with Japanese and Atayal remain unclear. Therefore, this study focuses on the "ni" case marker in Yilan Creole, examining its functions and characteristics. To collect language data on the “ni” case marker in Yilan Creole, I first created a questionnaire based on literature about case marking in Japanese and conducted interviews through fieldwork in Hanxi Village. I analyzed the functions and usage tendencies of the “ni” case marker based on the data collected from my fieldwork. Finally, three points regarding the "ni" case marker in Yilan Creole were elucidated in this study.

Firstly, in Yilan Creole, the "ni" case primarily functions as a dative case. It is also used as a locative or allative case. While the dative case typically marks the indirect object, in Yilan Creole, besides marking the indirect object, the "ni" case also marks the causee. Additionally, when marking location or time, Yilan Creole follows specific patterns, namely "location + ni/tokoro" and "time + ni/toki ni."

Secondly, this study clarified the relationship between the dative case "ni" in Yilan Creole and the animacy of nouns. In Yilan Creole, the decision to mark the dative case "ni" depends on the animacy of the noun preceding it. Human nouns are treated as objects of the dative case and marked with the dative "ni," whereas inanimate nouns, lacking volition, function as direct objects and are marked with a zero marker. Thus, it can be considered that the "ni" case in Yilan Creole is fundamentally used as a dative case.

Thirdly, this study also clarified the relationship between the "ni" case marker in Yilan Creole and its superstratum language, Japanese, as well as its substratum language, Atayal. The "ni" case marker in Yilan Creole shares both formal and functional similarities with the "ニ格" (ni-kaku) in Japanese. However, its case marking is influenced by the animacy of nouns and the use of "toko (tokoro)," both of which are unique features and usage patterns developed under the influence of Atayal mechanisms.