林芙美子の戦後作品における〈生〉と〈死〉

Abstract

林芙美子的戰後作品中經常描繪「生」和「死」，其為理解林芙美子的戰後作品時不可或缺的要素。然而，林芙美子戰後作品的先行研究非常偏重於《晩菊》和《浮雲》這兩部作品，尚未有對林芙美子戰後作品整體中「生」和「死」的探討研究。因此，本論文以林芙美子的戰後作品為研究對象，探討各戰後作品中的「生」、「死」，及與之密切相關的「再生」，探究經歷戰爭的林芙美子在戰後中如何描繪以及理解「生」和「死」。 首先於序章中，陳述研究動機、先行研究、研究目的等等。第一章討論了在〈河沙魚〉和〈下町〉中嚴酷的「生」與希望的「生」，以及其與「通姦」的關聯。第二章探討了在《安慰》和《骨》中，主人公們如何理解「死」。第三章考察《浮雲》中主人公的「再生」本質，以及最後是否成功「再生」。此外也考察了在《浮雲》中頻繁出現的「雨」，以及其與「再生」之間的關係。最後，對以上各章進行總結，探討林芙美子本人如何理解戰後的「生」和「死」。 考察的結果，林芙美子的戰後作品中的「生」描繪了女性是如何透過「通姦」來擺脫戰後嚴酷的「生」，只要尊重並實踐自己的想法，便能獲得希望的「生」。此外，林芙美子的戰後作品中的「死」並非是悲慘的結局，相反被描述為一種從戰後的嚴酷生活和罪惡感中解脫的方式。換句話說，林芙美子的戰後作品中的「生」和「死」並非必然與嚴酷的生活和絕望的死亡命運相關聯，本論文研究對象作品中的主人公們通過自己的努力，迎來了帶有些許明亮的結局。另一方面，《浮雲》主人公雪子和富岡的雙重「再生」不可能性，表現了戰後人們面臨的嚴峻社會現實和內心的迷茫。這可能是因為主人公無法在失去故鄉的情況下實現「再生」，也有可能是林芙美子透過《浮雲》表達了她在生命晚期對「生存的掙扎」。

Among the post-war works of Fumiko Hayashi, the themes of “life” and “death” are frequently depicted, which are considered essential elements for understanding her post-war works. However, previous studies on Hayashi’s post-war works have been heavily biased towards two works, and as far as can be observed, there has been no research on “life” and “death” throughout Hayashi’s entire post-war works. Therefore, this thesis focuses on the themes of “life” and “death” of Hayashi’s post-war works, and explores how Hayashi perceived “life” and “death” in the post-war period. In the preface of this thesis, it describes the research motivation, previous studies, research objectives and so on. In Chapter One, it discusses the harshness and the hope of “life”, as well as their relationship with “adultery” in “Kawarhaze” and “Shitamachi”. In Chapter Two, it explores how the main characters understand “death” in “Nagusame” and “Bone”. In Chapter Three, it attempts to discern the essence of“regeneration” in “Floating Clouds” and discusses how the characters attempted or managed to “regenerate”. It also examines the relationship between “Floating Clouds” and “rain”, which frequently appears in the work. Final chapter summarizes each chapter and examines how Fumiko Hayashi herself perceived “life” and “death” in the post-war period. As a result, in Fumiko Hayashi’s post-war works, through “adultery”, women who were bound by societal norms, are able to overcome the harshness of post-war “life” and obtain a hopeful “life” by respecting their suppressed will. Additionally, “death” in Hayashi’s post-war works is not depicted as a tragedy. Instead, it is portrayed as a means to liberate oneself from the guilt associated and the harsh post-war “life”. In other words,“life” and “death” in Hayashi’s post-war works do not lead to a tragic fate filled with frustration and gloom. Instead, the main characters in the works under study in this thesis find ways to achieve a brighter outcome through their own strength. On the other hand, in Hayashi’s post-war work “Floating Clouds”, nihilism pervades, and the double impossibility of “regeneration” for the characters Yukiko and Tomioka depicts the harsh social conditions and perplexed sentiments of the post-war people. Although the reason why the characters couldn’t “regenerate” may be explained by their state of losing homelands, it shows the thought of “frustration of life” in Yukiko's later years.