非二元性別的法律建構：以身份登記為出發點

Abstract

本文探討性別的內涵，並挑戰了傳統本質主義下的二元性別框架。我將從巴特勒的性別理論出發，論述性別不是與生理部位緊密相關的固定概念，而是一種流動的、獨立於生理構造的自我認同。在這種理解下，不同性別的特質可以自由地表現在不同的身體上，這展示了性別具有更為細緻和複雜的面貌，並不一定與生殖功能相連。性別理論的推展也影響了國際人權法與各國性別登記制度的應用。在《日惹原則》的推動下，本文觀察到國際人權論述的改變，由原先的二元性別框架，演變為更具包容性的SOGI觀念，即性傾向與性別認同。儘管多數法律建構仍未能充分包容性別多元性，然而在某些國家的立法與判決中，我們看到了二元性別框架逐漸鬆動的跡象。 為了打破這個基於對性別「自然」或「正常」的假設所建立的二元性別框架，我們需要從法律制度本身進行改革。因此，本文主張非二元性別承認，包括把身體器官與法定性別脫鉤，並增設男女二元以外的性別選項。至今，全球已有多個國家和地區正在傾向接納第三種性別選擇，但其實際運作和理解仍然存在極大的差異。然而，無論何種模式，都面臨著各種挑戰和問題。例如X性別作為一個新的框架，並未能讓非二元性別認同者與男女平等，甚至可能會加深二元框架，或者創造出新的框架。本文提倡取消證件上的性別欄，用更靈活的政策以減輕對性別多樣化者的不利影響。 最後，台灣對於非二元性別認同的議題仍缺乏足夠的覺知和涵蓋。如今，我國法律對性別問題的基本觀點可以歸納為四個方面：性別是二元化的、可輕易識別、固定不變的、並由生殖器官確定。但本文主張，只有當我們能理解性別和身體的流動性，理解性別超越生殖功能的可能性，我們才能減少對非二元性別認同的誤解。總結來說，本文期待的是一個能尊重和認識性別多元與流動性的社會，不再以固定的框架來定義和限制性別，並且能夠實現真正的性別平等。

This paper explores the nuances of gender, challenging the traditional binary gender framework under essentialism. We start with Butler''s gender theory, arguing that gender is not a fixed concept closely tied to physical attributes, but a fluid self-identification independent of physiological structure. We found that under this understanding, traits of different genders can freely manifest in different bodies, illustrating a more nuanced and complex facet of gender, not necessarily tied to reproductive functions. The advancement of gender theory also influences the application of international human rights law and gender registration systems in various countries. Under the push of the Yogyakarta Principles, we observed a shift in international human rights discourse from the original binary gender framework to a more inclusive SOGI (Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity) concept. Although most legal constructs have not fully encompassed gender diversity, in some countries'' legislation and judgments, we see signs of loosening the binary gender framework. To dismantle this binary gender framework built on assumptions of gender as "natural" or "normal", reform needs to come from the legal system itself. We advocate for a non-binary gender recognition standard, including decoupling physical organs from legal gender, and adding gender options beyond the binary. Globally, many countries and regions are leaning towards accepting a third gender option, but the actual operation and understanding still vary greatly. Regardless of the model, various challenges and issues are faced. The X gender as a new framework does not equalize non-binary gender individuals with males and females, and may even reinforce the binary framework or create new ones. We propose eliminating the gender field on documents, using more flexible policies to mitigate the adverse effects on gender diversification. Lastly, Taiwan still lacks sufficient awareness and coverage on the issue of non-binary gender recognition. Presently, our country''s basic view on gender issues can be summarized into four aspects: gender is binary, easily identifiable, unchanging, and determined by reproductive organs. However, we argue that only when we understand the fluidity of gender and body, and understand the possibility of gender transcending reproductive functions, can we reduce misunderstandings about non-binary gender identification. In conclusion, we look forward to a society that respects and recognizes the diversity and fluidity of gender, no longer defining and restricting gender within fixed frameworks, and achieving genuine gender equality.