美國半導體產業政策的復興

Abstract

本研究旨在解釋美國當代產業政策的成因，並以半導體產業作為研究標的。 文中使用成對案例比較法，內容分析法和過程追蹤法，來追蹤半導體產業議題， 並且進行科技與政治的研究。本研究主張，美國半導體產業政策的成因，是因為 美國政府和企業，遭逢外部的競爭對手，為了維持自身的科技領先地位，而必須 啟動產業政策，來阻止競爭對手的追趕，並保持美國的優勢。我先回顧了美國半 導體產業的發展歷程概況，才進入到案例的比較。裡面所選用的案例為，1980 年 代美國與日本的科技競爭，以及近代美國與中國的科技競爭，我分別講述日本和 中國是如何利用產業政策，創造該國產業的競爭優勢，並且讓該國的半導體產品， 有能力開始與美國競爭。作為全球領導者的美國，一方面必須維持自身的經濟優 勢，另一方面也必須在軍事、國家安全和科技創新層面，也同時保有領先，面對 對手國的挑戰，美國的產業政策，就同時兼顧了經濟和政治利益。我在兩個案例 中，也解釋美國如何承接對手的挑戰，重回產業政策的美國，要如何再次強化自 身半導體的優勢和領先地位。在研究過程中，除了援引歷史資料、新聞報導、法 案內容等等，我也嘗試和國家資本主義、自由資本主義、國家創新體系等理論進 行對話，並且將政治研究結合科技和產業。而最後，我也討論當代美國產業政策 的發展性和隱憂。在結論中，我也強調美國產業政策的目標，是為了換取足夠的 時間，來等待下一輪的產業升級，以此重回全球科技領導的龍頭地位。

This thesis is about the research on the U.S. industrial policy of the semiconductor. In this research, I use three methods to support my argument, pair comparison, context analysis, and process tracing. My argument is that the U.S. government will launch the industrial policy if it engages with competitors from other states. To maintain the leading position in technology, industrial policy is necessary for the U.S. government to deter the catch-up strategies from competitors. In the first part, I review the process of the development of the semiconductor industry in America. Then I start to do the case studies. I choose two cases, one is the tech competition between Japan and the U.S., and the other one is between China and the U.S. As the leading state of the world, maintaining the advantage in economics, military, national security, and tech innovation is critical for America. Thus, the U.S. needs to develop an industry policy that can preserve the economic and political interests. In these two cases, I explain how America engages with the competition, and makes the renaissance of industrial policy which can let America strengthen its leading position. I use the data sources from history articles, news, and the bills to fulfill this thesis. Besides, I try to communicate with many theories, like the State-Capitalism, Liberalism, State Innovative systems, etc. I combine the political theory and the industry. In the final part, I discuss the development and fault lines of U.S. industrial policy. In conclusion, I emphasize the goal of U.S. industry policy is buying time to wait for the next round of industrial upgrades. By doing so, the U.S. will be able to return to the leading position of the world on technology.