裁判離婚事由中「惡意遺棄」之實證研究

Abstract

我國民法第1052條第1項第5款之「惡意遺棄」為裁判離婚事由，以「違反同居義務」、「違反扶養義務」、「違反生活費用負擔義務」為惡意遺棄之客觀構成要件。1985年民法修正，增訂第1052條第2項概括條款「難以維持婚姻之重大事由」，若個案不符第1052條第1項各款之要件，尚能依據第1052條第2項請求離婚，提供當事人多一個請求權基礎之選擇。 雖然已知惡意遺棄以「違反同居義務」、「違反扶養義務」、「違反生活費用負擔義務」為客觀構成要件，惟無法判斷法院在審酌是否構成各個客觀要件時所持之標準為何，以及法院在適用第1052條第1項或第1052條第2項時是否有不同之標準？希望以實證方式分析之。 本研究以2020年10月到2021年12月間，法院實際審酌第1052條第1項第5款之第一審裁判共272件判決為樣本，分析我國惡意遺棄相關裁判離婚判決之實務發展，得出之研究結果包括：1.惡意遺棄裁判離婚訴訟中，以「違反同居義務」為主要樣態，違反同居義務之平均期間為8年；2.第1052條第1項第5款能被第1052條第2項所涵蓋；3.被告為非本國籍時，一造辯論比例極高，理由可能為處於較傳統家庭結構以及我國嚴格之居留政策；4.極高比例的東南亞籍配偶與大陸地區配偶在未取得歸化、定居資格即選擇惡意遺棄配偶；5.「不准許唯一有責配偶請求離婚」是否過苛之標準得參酌「違反同居義務平均期間」作為認定標準之一。 最後，針對我國裁判離婚制度之發展提出建議，適用第1052條第2項時，判斷「不准許唯一有責配偶請求離婚」是否過苛之標準，得參酌惡意遺棄裁判離婚訴訟中「違反同居義務」之平均期間，輔助判斷是否逾相當期間；極高比例的東南亞籍配偶與大陸地區配偶在未取得歸化、定居資格即選擇惡意遺棄配偶，顯示出外籍配偶在我國之適應問題，政策上得以這方向努力。

Specific grounds for divorce are listed in Paragraph 1, Article 1052 of the Taiwan Civil Code, among which “Desertion in Bad Faith”, is taken as an essential factor of Subparagraphs 5. In 1985 law reform, Paragraph 2 was created and added into Article 1052, stating that the spouse can sue for divorce based on the breakdown of marriage. Since then, spouses have had one more option to request divorce. Although the essential factor for “Desertion in Bad Faith” are known to include “Obligation to Cohabit” , “Obligation to Maintain One Another” and “Obligation to Pay for Living Expenses”. How does the court apply it to an individual case? If one party uses Subparagraph 5 of Paragraph 1 and Paragraph 2 of Article 1052 to file for divorce based on the same facts in the same proceeding, what will the court consider while applying these two different grounds? To answer the practical questions above, the author hopes to analyze this empirically. Therefore, 272 divorce cases of District Court from October 2020 to December 2021 are chosen to be the material to analyze and discuss the development of the practice of judicial divorce . Through the empirical analysis, this research found that:1. “Obligation to Cohabit” is a predominant pattern in “Desertion in Bad Faith” divorce cases, with an average duration of 8 years ; 2. Subparagraphs 5, Paragraph 1 of Article 1052 can be completely covered by Paragraph 2 of the same Article ; 3. “ One of the Parties Fails to Appear at the Oral-argument Session” have a significantly high proportion in litigation, possibly due to traditional family structures and connections to the country''s residency policy; 4. A high proportion of Southeast Asian and mainland Chinese spouses has deserted their spouses before acquiring naturalization or settlement qualifications; 5. The standard of " allowing the solely responsible spouse to request a divorce" needs to be reconsidered, taking into account the average duration of “obligation to cohabit” as one of the criteria. Finally, this paper proposes recommendations for the future development of the divorce system in Taiwan. First, the standard of " allowing the solely responsible spouse to request a divorce" needs to be reconsidered, taking into account the average duration of “Obligation to Cohabit” as one of the criteria. Second, a high proportion of Southeast Asian and mainland Chinese spouses has deserted their spouses before acquiring naturalization or settlement qualifications, indicates adaptation issues for foreign spouses in our country, and efforts in policy are recommended in this direction.