服從自己或聽命他人：情境性別規範之效果探討

Abstract

近年來學界對於保障弱勢權益的議題越來越關注，而女性往往在社會上處於弱勢，男性對於性別平等的推動可能發揮卻往往無法發揮重要力量，歸根究柢是在性別平等態度與行為實踐上存在落差。本論文探討男性之性別平權態度與性別平等行為實踐，期能提供完整的心理機制，並主張情境規範是影響男性態度與行為實踐落差的重要因素。研究一（N = 136）探討成年男性之性別平等態度與性別平等規範是否能預測其性別平等行為意圖，乃至其行為，抑或成年男性之性別平等態度、性別平等行為意圖，乃至其行為間的關聯，受到情境中性別平等規範的調節效果。研究一操弄情境中存在性別平等規範、性別不平等規範與模糊規範組。結果顯示，整體而言男性的性平態度無法預測意圖，男性的性平意圖越平等則行為越平等，情境中性別平等規範對男性性平態度預測意圖存在調節效果。在平等及不平等規範組，男性的性平態度越平等則行為意圖越高，在模糊規範組，男性的性平態度無法預測意圖。研究二（N = 193）進一步納入女性，並重複驗證情境中性別規範模糊性的調節效果，以及檢驗情緒在人們性平態度預測意圖時的中介效果。重複驗證研究一情境規範的調節效果，結果顯示，在明確規範中，男女性的性平態度越平等，性平意圖越平等。在模糊規範中，男女性的性平態度無法正面預測性平意圖，兩者間反而有負的關聯。情緒方面，男女性的性平態度越平等，則憤怒／諷刺情緒越強烈，表現出越高的性平行為意圖。此外，研究二再次驗證研究一中性平意圖的中介效果。本論文嘗試以情境規範解釋人們何以在性平態度與行為上存在落差，最後對於延伸應用及未來方向進行討論。

In recent years, researchers have paid more and more attention to the rights and interests of the disadvantaged groups (e.g., women). Men could be an important force in the promotion of gender equality, but such a force seldom manifests. Previous researchers have shown that men’s gender equality attitudes may not predict their behavioural practices. I investigated men’s attitudes and practices for gender equality in this thesis, hoping to elucidate potential psychological mechanisms, in which situational gender norms may explain why there is a gap between men’s attitudes and practices. I investigated whether adult men’s attitudes and situational norms of gender equality may predict their intentions and behaviours in Study 1 (N = 136), or that the associations of attitudes, intentions, and practices may be moderated by situational gender equality norms. In Study 1, participants were randomly assigned to equal gender norms, unequal gender norms, and ambiguous gender norms. We found, in general, men''s gender equality attitudes cannot predict their intentions, but, the more men''s intentions, the more their behaviours would be. Gender equality situational norms played a moderating role of the effects of men''s gender equality attitudes on their intentions. In the conditions of equal and unequal norms, the more men''s gender equality attitudes were, the higher their intentions were. In the ambiguous norms condition, men''s gender equality attitudes were unable to predict their intentions. Study 2 (N = 193) further investigated the moderation effect of ambiguous gender norms and the mediational effect of emotions, in addition to the intentions, among men and women. The results replicated the moderation effect of gender norms in Study 1 and showed that in the conditions of clear norms (equal and unequal norms), the more equal people''s attitudes were, the more their intentions were. In ambiguous gender norms, the more equal people''s gender equality attitudes were, the less their gender equality intentions were. In terms of the emotions, the more equal people''s attitudes were, the stronger their anger and sarcasm were, and the more their intentions were. In addition, Study 2 replicated the mediating effect of gender equality intention from attitudes to behaviours. Why people have gaps in attitudes and behaviours regarding gender equality was explained from the perspective of situational norms in this thesis. Further implications and future research directions were discussed.