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標題: | 在他者中發現自己:南朝外交文書與使節詩文研究 Discovering Oneself in Others――A Study of Diplomatic Correspondence and Writings of Envoys in the Southern Dynasties |
作者: | 胡頎 Chi Hu |
指導教授: | 張蓓蓓 Pei-Pei Chang |
共同指導教授: | 閻鴻中 Hung-Chung Yen |
關鍵字: | 南北朝,他者,國家認同,外交文書,使節詩文,歷史敘事, Southern and Northern Dynasties,Other,National Identity,Diplomatic Correspondence,Envoy Poetry,Historical Narrative, |
出版年 : | 2023 |
學位: | 博士 |
摘要: | 從永嘉之亂後晉室南渡到陳朝為隋所滅,兩百七十多年間,南方漢族政權與北方以非漢族為主的政權同時並立,而南北雙方在民族、傳統與文化意義上對「中國」的爭奪與形塑,也成為此一時期研究的重要議題。在傳統華夷思維下,研究者往往強調北方政權的漢化與所受南方影響,但近來學界也注意到,離開中原的南朝由於禮樂制度文獻和經驗的缺失而面對迫切的正當性問題。也就是說,南方同樣必須一面證明自身作為繼承者的正當性,一面重新形構作為共同體的「天下」。而在關於「我們」為何的論述中,「他者」無疑是重要參照座標。是以本文透過外交文書、外交活動紀錄、使節詩文,以及史書對這些文獻的整理與再脈絡,呈現「與他者相遇」的複雜性,進而探討南朝如何在與他者互動中察覺自身的邊界,如何鞏固、拓展,以重新調整自身與天下的關係。
全文分為兩部分,前半透過史傳對外交文書的記載,說明南朝面臨的新世界格局中的重要他者,及其與南朝的關係。第二章以《宋書‧索虜傳》帶出南北分立的特殊時代背景,指出該傳以環繞著劉宋與北魏對河南土地、邊境人民和附庸國的爭奪拉鋸為主軸。透過對往來文書的大量引用,保留多元的聲音,呈現南北雙方的論述,讓雙方筆下的「他者」在文書往來中相互交疊、映照,展現出在各個爭點上的「正當性」拉鋸。第三章以《宋書‧夷蠻傳》和《梁書‧諸夷傳》中兩組極端相似的南洋表文為核心,首先藉由「梵文文化圈」概念,指出其原生文化語境傳統。接著由作為接受與編纂者的南朝視角出發,分別梳理兩部史書安置表文的文本脈絡,指出不同於《宋書》對南洋政策的批判,《梁書》透過環繞阿育王塔的感應敘事,將表文的歌頌轉化為對武帝轉輪王功業的印證,反映武帝在新的國際情勢中形塑異於傳統天下秩序關係架構與價值共識的嘗試。 後半以使節為核心,透過不同性質的文獻,將互動從正史賦予的敘事中抽出,觀察深入他者的個人如何在不同角色身分上留下不一樣的聲音,而這些經驗又如何影響個人對「我們」的思索。第四章聚焦在梁武帝與東魏曇花一現的十年通好,首先說明此時三國間微妙的局勢,及梁與東魏對交聘的期待如何反映於史書紀錄。接著引入殘存的交聘記條目與使節詩文,展現使節在公與私,應酬與交心,套式與抒情間的多面向。第五章以梁末因亂滯留北方的使節徐陵和庾信為核心,藉由其滯北時期詩文及參與的外交活動,探討故國、故鄉與故人如何界定、勾勒「我」的邊界,這些看似抒情的議題又如何在外交的政治話語中發揮功能。 整體而言,本文考察了在關於認同、正統的論述形成前,與「他者」諸多不同層面的互動如何使南朝意識到自身的獨特性──於北方的「敵國」,也於過去立足中原的漢晉。最後,本文也希望指出,史書作為意圖反映真實的體裁,必然有其與虛構敘事不同的技藝──如何將實際發生過的事件與文本安置於脈絡中,透過「真實」的羅列謙卑而不無專斷地賦予意義。在史書如何剪裁運用過去不被視為文學作品的文獻上,還有很多值得探索的空間。 From the chaos of the Yongjia Rebellion to the demise of the Chen dynasty, over a span of more than two hundred and seventy years, the Han Chinese regime in the south and the non-Han regimes in the north coexisted. The struggle and shaping of the concept of "China" between these two regions have become focal points of study during this period. Traditionally, under the Sinocentric mindset, researchers often emphasized the Sinicization of the northern regimes and the influence from the south. However, recent academia has also noted that the Southern Dynasties, after leaving the Central Plains, faced pressing issues of legitimacy due to the lack of ritual and historical documents. In other words, the Southern entities needed to simultaneously establish their legitimate claim to inheritance and reconstitute the notion of a shared "Tianxia(天下)." In discussions concerning the identity of "us," the notion of the "other" undoubtedly serves as a pivotal reference point. This dissertation engages with the complexity of "encounters with the other" through analysis of diplomatic correspondence, records of diplomatic activities, writings of envoys, and the contextualization of these materials within historical texts. It explores how the Southern dynasties, through interactions with the "other," delineated their own boundaries, consolidated and expanded it, and readjusted their relationship with Tianxia. The dissertation is divided into two main sections. The first section employs historical accounts to elucidate the significant "others" that the Southern dynasties encountered in the context of the new geopolitical landscape and examines their relationships. The second chapter, drawing from the "Account of the Suolu"(索虜傳) in the Book of Song, underscores the unique historical background of North-South separation, emphasizing the struggle between Liu Song and Northern Wei for control over Henan territory, border populations, and vassal states. Through extensive citation of correspondence, the chapter maintains a diversity of perspectives, presenting discourses from both sides and illustrating the overlapping and reflection of the "others" in their exchanges. This serves to manifest the tug-of-war over "legitimacy" in various contentious points. The third chapter centers on two sets of similar correspondence from Southeast Asia in the "Account of the Eastern and Southern Barbarians"(夷蠻傳) in the Book of Song and the "Account of the Various Barbarians"(諸夷傳) in the Book of Liang. It starts with the concept of the "The Sanskrit Cosmopolis," pointing out the indigenous cultural context of the correspondence. Departing from the Southern dynasties' perspective as recipients and compilers, the chapter analyzes the textual contexts in which these inscriptions are placed. In contrast to the critical stance towards Southern policies evident in the Book of Song, the Book of Liang transforms the praise in the inscriptions into confirmation of Emperor Wu's achievements through a narrative involving the induction of the Asoka Stupa. This reflects Emperor Wu's attempt to reshape the framework and value consensus of the traditional global order within the context of the new international situation. The latter half of the dissertation focuses on envoys. Through diverse sources, it extracts interactions from the narrative framework provided by official histories, observing how individuals engaged with the "other" in various roles and how these experiences influenced their reflections on the notion of "us." The fourth chapter examines the ten years of diplomacy between Emperor Wu of Liang and Eastern Wei, elucidating the delicate situation among the three states at the time and how Liang's and Eastern Wei's expectations of the diplomatic activities are reflected in historical records. The chapter then introduces preserved diplomatic records and poetic compositions, demonstrating the multifaceted nature of envoys' experiences in formal and informal settings, social interactions, and personal connections. The fifth chapter focuses on envoys Xu Ling(徐陵) and Yu Xin(庾信), who remained in the Northern territories during the turmoil at the end of the Liang dynasty. By analyzing their poems and diplomatic activities during their extended stays in the North, the chapter explores how concepts of homeland and familiar acquaintances delineated and defined the boundaries of self-identity. It also examines how seemingly poetic topics functioned within the political discourse of diplomacy. In conclusion, this dissertation investigates the multifaceted interactions with the "other" at various levels before the formulation of discourses on identity and legitimacy. It examines how these interactions prompted the Southern dynasties to recognize their uniqueness in relation to both the "enemy state" of the North and the Han-Jin(漢晉) traditions rooted in the Central Plain. Finally, the dissertation also hopes to point out that, as a genre intended to reflect reality, history has its unique artistry – how to place actual events and texts in context, humbly but decisively bestowing meaning. There is still much room to explore how historical records edit and use past documents not considered literary works. |
URI: | http://tdr.lib.ntu.edu.tw/jspui/handle/123456789/90588 |
DOI: | 10.6342/NTU202303558 |
全文授權: | 同意授權(全球公開) |
顯示於系所單位: | 中國文學系 |
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