地方、歷史與記憶：唐末五代十國蜀地小說集研究

Abstract

唐末黃巢之亂後，僖宗入蜀的遷徙，促成遷蜀的移民潮。這股移動勢力之中，也挾帶著文人的目光，而至後來政權勢力盤據地方而起，前、後蜀根據地的蜀地培育出大量文學作品。其中，圍繞蜀地書寫的小說集也大批湧現。過往學界對於唐末五代的蜀地文學研究，大多聚焦於詩、文研究，忽略了這批蜀地小說集。本論文選擇杜光庭、王仁裕與何光遠三位文人為主要研究對象，觀察從唐末入蜀、前蜀滅亡到後蜀時期，文人如何看待蜀地，並整體性的觀照文人寄託其中的當世之語。筆者探勘這批唐末五代十國蜀地小說集，一方面通過三位文人與其小說集的觀看，釐清並編織這段動亂時期，文人的應對姿態與認同變遷，另一方面則是希冀補足學界對這批小說集研究的空缺。 從杜光庭《錄異記》的案例來看，他不但梳理蜀地物種與風俗，記下外來人的好奇目光，同時也梳理蜀地祠廟祭祀等傳說故事，依此建構出專屬蜀地的國家信仰體系。這位曾任官於唐朝與前蜀的宮廷道士，經由賦予蜀地神聖、政治色彩，以及祥瑞徵兆的轉移，建構前蜀政權的合法性。《錄異記》反映了杜光庭在僖宗入蜀時代潮流下的移動，也揭示文人面臨唐王朝的傾頹與地方政權的崛起時，所展現的文人姿態。而王仁裕記載大量五代十國的故事，其中《玉堂閒話》的故事串連出故鄉的政權變動，以及身份認同的轉換。《王氏見聞錄》則聚焦蜀地與前蜀，不但編織出蜀地地方的歷史記憶，也體現自己置身前蜀滅亡中的無奈目光。在杜光庭與王仁裕的小說集對讀間，一個政權的興起與滅亡仿若浮現。《鑑誡錄》則展現後蜀人何光遠的前朝關懷，從「晚唐」的黃巢之亂為鑒，到「前蜀」的亡國之鑑，再到他對於「後蜀」的當代認同，建構屬於何光遠的政權遞移目光，並指涉他對於後蜀的世用之情。五代十國後期，何光遠向前追溯的不再只是翩然遠去的唐王朝，更有僅在眼前的前蜀政權。後蜀文人金利用、周珽、景煥作為這批蜀地小說集的尾聲，宣告文人目光從唐朝轉移至蜀地政權，顯示了在地文人對於蜀地的關懷，也暗示著這個時代的終結。 經過本論文的研究，這批蜀地小說集不應該單一觀看，而應綜觀這批小說集出世顯現的文化與歷史意義。它們不但反映了文人以小說補史的作意，同時也寄託對現世政權的努力、不滿或者反思，種種文人心事串連起唐末五代十國的歷史的觀照。

After the Huang Chao Rebellion（黃巢之亂）, Emperor Xizong's（僖宗）migrated to Shu（蜀）, which led to the migration wave of moving to Shu. Also, there was the perspective of literati and the political power took control of the region in this migration. Therefore, a large number of literary works were cultivated in the Shu region, the base of the Former and Later Shu（前、後蜀）. Especially, numerous collections of novels were written about the Shu region during this time. In the past, academic research on Shu region during the late Tang focused on poetry and prose rather than lacked the collection of Shu's novels. The novels of Du Guangting（杜光庭）, Wang Renyu（王仁裕）, and He Guangyuan（何光遠）were selected as the main research subjects and how these literati view the Shu region from late Tang to the Former and Later Shu and their contemporary expressions were comprehensively investigated. Moreover, the collections of Shu novels from the late Tang and Five Dynasties period were studied. From the perspective of three selected literati and their novels, the literati's response and the changes during this tumultuous period were clarified and gap was filled in academic research. These literary works were connected to the history of the late Tang and Five Dynasties period. For example, in Du Guangting's " Lu Yi Ji "（《錄異記》）the species and customs of the Shu region and legendary stories about Shu temples and sacrifices were recorded. Thus, a unique national belief system to Former Shu regimethey was constructed. As a former court Taoist who served in both the Tang and Former Shu courts, Du Guangting constructed the legitimacy of the Former Shu regime by endowing Shu with a sense of holiness and political coloration. Besides, " Lu Yi Ji " reflected Du Guangting's movement in the trend of the Xizong entering Shu era, as well as the literati's attitude towards the decline of the Tang Dynasty and the rise of local regimes. Moreover, Wang Renyu recorded numerous stories from the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, including " Yu Tang Xian Hua," （《玉堂閒話》）on the stories of political power changes in his hometown with personal identity transformations. " Wang Shi Jian Wen Lu " （《王氏見聞錄》）focused on the Shu region and the Former Shu, not only refreshing historical memories of the region but also reflecting his sense of helplessness in the fall of the Former Shu. In the novels of Du Guangting and Wang Renyu, the rise and fall of a regime emerged as a recurring theme. In addition, "Jian Jie Lu "（《鑑誡錄》） showcased the official He Guangyuan's concern for the previous dynasty, from the Huang Chao Rebellion in the "Late Tang" period to the "Former Shu," an example of a fallen dynasty, and ultimately to his contemporary allegiance with the "Later Shu" regime. He Guangyuan held his own point of view on the transition to political power, demonstrating his emotional attachment to the Later Shu regime. In the latter part of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, the novels of Jin Liyong（金利用）, Zhou Ping（周珽）, and Jing Huan（景煥）as the end of this collection of Shu novels announced the shifted focuses from the Tang Dynasty to the local regime Shu. It revealed the concern for their homeland and implied the end of this era. Through this research, it is clear that these collections of Shu novels should be considered in the context of the cultural and historical significance instead of being viewed separately. The novels not only reflect the literati's intention to make history through fictional narratives but also make their efforts, dissatisfaction, or reflection on contemporary regime.