以永續發展的觀點重新思考：從原住民的角度對全球永續發展和環境正義框架進行批判性研究——以臺灣富世亞洲水泥案為例

Abstract

最近，國際社會開始呼籲永續發展（SD），以避免目前人類活動在地球上留下不永續的軌跡。台灣已將永續發展列為優先，努力與全球接軌。一個例子是成立於1997 年的國家永續發展委員會（NCSD）。每年，NCSD 會透過頒發國家永續發展獎（NCSD 網站）來表揚在永續發展目標方面具傑出貢獻，且致力提高全國永續意識的教育和公民組織、政府機構和企業。 2022 年，NCSD 頒發國家永續發展獎於亞洲水泥股份有限公司（ACC）。除了 NCSD獎項外，ACC 還多次獲得國內外認可，成為一個體現和優先考量 SD 的公司。然而，在全球一片讚譽下，花蓮縣富世地區的原住民太魯閣 (Truku) 族玻士岸(Bsngan)部落成員正在領導一場持續進行的運動，抗議 ACC 在他們社區的採礦活動。ACC 的反對者認為，採礦做法不僅不永續且非法，由於該公司佔據了原住民土地，嚴重威脅著 Truku 族的福祉和生計。這些抗議活動與 ACC 因其在運營中優先考慮 SD 而獲得的讚譽形成了鮮明對比。 通過以富世的 ACC 案例為例，我對全球的 SD 定義和框架進行批判性審視，以評估它們是否符合當地原住民社區的需求。我提出了一個理論架構，其中考量包含永續性及永續發展的原住民知識，以對原住民和 ACC 在 SD 方面的歷史分析和文件進行分析。我的研究發現，Truku 族 Bsngan 部落人民一再遭受由 ACC 在富世進行的殖民主義引起的環境不正義。ACC 今天提出的 SD 倡議沒有解決這種土地和環境不正義，反而延續了這些不正義。 根據我的研究結果，我認為「永續性」的定義和理解可能並不是普遍適用的，特別是考慮到原住民社區的需求。要實現未來的 SD 途徑，必須透過合作的原住民主導發展來解決環境不公正，重點關注原住民概念或替代方案。為了在亞洲水泥案例中實現這一願景，社區成員、當地領導者和研究人員應該採用行動性研究，進一步構思和實施一種以 Truku 族 Bsngan 部落和其他 Truku 族成員需求為首要考慮的 SD 形式。

Recently, the international community has issued a call for Sustainable Development (SD) to prevent the current unsustainable trajectory of human activities on Earth. Taiwan has prioritized pursuing SD in conjunction with global efforts. One example of these efforts is National Council for Sustainable Development (NCSD), established in 1997. Each year, the NCSD recognizes education and civic organizations, governmental agencies, and corporations that have made outstanding contributions to the goals of SD and have helped raise awareness nationwide with the National Sustainable Development Award (NCSD Website). In 2022, the NCSD awarded Asia Cement Corporation (ACC) the National Sustainable Development Award. In addition to the NCSD award, ACC has repeatedly received national and international recognition for being a company that embodies and prioritizes SD. However, amidst this global acclamation, members of the Bsngan Truku Tribe, an Indigenous group in Fushi, Hualien, are leading an ongoing movement to protest ACC’s mining operations in their community. Opponents of ACC argue that mining practices are not only unsustainable but also illegal because the company is occupying Indigenous lands and posing a serious threat to the wellbeing and livelihood of the Truku peoples. These protests starkly contrast the acclimation ACC has received for prioritizing SD in their operations. By using the ACC case in Fushi as an example, I critically examine global definitions and frameworks of SD to assess whether they meet the needs of local Indigenous communities. I propose a theoretical framework of Indigenous knowledge regarding sustainability and SD to conduct a historical analysis and document analysis of Truku and ACC publications addressing SD. My findings reveal that the Truku peoples have repeatedly experienced environmental injustice through settler colonialism, perpetuated through Asia Cement’s mining operations in Fushi. Instead of resolving this land and environmental injustice, SD initiatives proposed by ACC today instead perpetuate these injustices. Based on my research findings, I argue definitions and understandings of ‘sustainability’ may not be universally applicable, particularly when considering the needs of Indigenous communities. To achieve pathways for future sustainability, it is crucial to address environmental injustice through collaborative, Indigenous-led development that centers Indigenous concepts or alternatives to SD. In order to realize this vision in the case of Asia Cement, community members, local leaders, and researchers should employ action-based research to further conceptualize and implement a form of SD that prioritizes, first and foremost, the needs of the Bsngan tribe and other Truku tribal members.