森林保育與地方林政：以日治時期宜蘭地區為中心

Abstract

日本在明治時代建立近代林政體系的過程中，曾經歷1880年代仿效德、法以國家經濟為由的保護山林政策，到1890年代因應林野慣習以達「官民共利」的轉折。1897年更首度頒布〈森林法〉，配合地方林政制度收編民間山林利用，以兼顧「國土保安」與林野慣習。適逢臺灣納入殖民，一批在日本受過林學訓練或具有地方經驗的林業官員，試圖將這套林政法規與制度逐步移植到臺灣。但作為林政基本法規的〈臺灣森林令〉，遲至日本領臺24年後才建構完成。 臺灣總督府林政機關，雖試圖立法規範與取締清代以來在近山「濫伐濫墾」的漢人，但決策時常面臨其他機關的掣肘，能否實行更取決於地方行政的配合與在地民眾的反應。於是，本研究分別以制定法規、政策的林政機關，在地方實行政策的州廳，與民間山林使用者為視角，主要探討地方林政制度逐步在臺灣萌芽的過程，及「國土保安」觀念如何從小範圍的保安林擴及全島林野。

During the Meiji era, Japan embarked upon the establishment of a modern forestry system. In the 1880s, Japan drew inspiration from Germany and France, implementing forest conservation policies justified by national economic considerations. By the 1890s, this evolved to adapt to local forest practices in order to achieve a symbiotic relationship between the government and the people. In 1897, Japan promulgated the initial version of the "Forest Act," accompanied by the establishment of regional forest administrative organs, to incorporate private forest utilization. Concurrently, Taiwan came under Japanese colonial rule, leading to the migration of forestry officials who had received training in Japan or had served in local forestry agencies. They endeavored to gradually introduce Japan’s forest regulations and administrative institutions to Taiwan. However, the "Taiwan Forest Ordinance," serving as the cornerstone of forestry regulations, was formulated and promulgated in Taiwan after 24 years under Japanese governance. The Agricultural and Industrial Affairs Bureau of Taiwan Governor-general's Office, while endeavoring to regulate the rampant felling and cultivation by Han Chinese in subtropical moist broadleaf forest since the Qing dynasty, frequently encountered checks from other forestry-related sectors when shaping forest policies. Additionally, the success of policy implementation hinged on the cooperation between local administrative organs and local people. Thus, this study employs three perspectives: the forestry authorities responsible for formulating forest regulations and policies, the prefectures overseeing policy execution at the local level, and the people engaged in forestry. The focal points of this study encompass the gradual implementation of the local forestry administration in Taiwan and the expansion of forest use restrictions from forest reserves to Taiwan's forests.