聯合國人權理事會之建構與運作：跨國規範化歷程觀點的分析

Abstract

2006年3月15日，第60屆聯合國大會通過第251號決議(A/RES/60/251)，設立人權理事會，令其附屬於大會，以取代聯合國人權委員會。為何聯合國大會要解散既有之人權委員會，另設人權理事會？前開決議架構下，人權理事會的理事國幾乎每屆大量作成以巴議題有關之決議，如此重複意義為何？此外在2018到2022年間，國際社會間大幅討論新疆再教育營議題，此時如非政府組織、媒體記者等許多非國家行動者，如何影響人權理事會及其秘書處「人權高專辦」，企圖促使其作成官方報告及決議？此類行動又有何意義？本文以跨國規範化歷程方法，觀察人權理事會之組織、運作，並爬梳各方行動者為了確保各國遵守規範，如何在具體個案中倡導、推展之，以確保更全面的觀察視角。 本文架構共六章。第一章即本章緒論，說明本研究問題意識、研究方法、研究範圍與相關研究架構。第二章介紹人權理事會組織架構及其職掌，包含其如何承接人權委員會業務，以及名稱與職能相似之機構，與理事會之異同；爾後討論其組織權限，包含成員選舉、普遍定期審議制度、諮詢委員會、申訴程序，以及特別程序概況。然後藉由「以巴問題」(第三章)、「新疆再教育營」(第四章)的一般和特別決議，或相關報告，以說明相關事實背景。第五章根據前開2章，說明對國家人權狀況惡化情形，人權理事會如何採取行 動，行動中又如何受各方行動者影響，進而形塑人權規範。最後設一終章即第六章，基於前開分析情形總結。

On March 15th, 2006, United Nations General Assembly laid down the Resolution No.251 in its the 60th Session (A/RES/60/251) to establish up the Human Rights Council. Such Council is subordinate to the General Assembly, and substitutes the Commission on Human Rights. Why the General Assembly dissolved the Commission on Human Rights, and furthermore set up a new organ like Human Rights Council? Under the framework of abovementioned Resolution, Human Rights Council promulgates the numerable resolutions regarding Israeli–Palestinian Issue almost every year. Is there any significance in the repetition? Moreover, from 2018 to 2022, there had been large-scale discussion on Xinjiang Re-education Camp Issue in international society, and many non-state agents, i.e., non-governmental organizations and journalists, had attempted to influence the process of making reports and resolutions of Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) and Human Rights Council. How do they influence? Is there any significance? With Transnational Legal Process Theory, this dissertation observes the framework and functions of the Human Rights Council, then makes clear how the state and non-state agents, in order to ensure the conformity of international norms of every state, advocate and promote the norms in the real cases. With such observation, it attempts to contain all the scopes of above conformity, advocate and promotion. In the dissertation, there are 6 chapters. Chapter 1 is about the sense of problem, research methodology, the periphery of research and the relevant framework. Chapter 2 discusses the framework and functions of Human Rights Council, including how it succeeds the affairs of the former Commission on Human Rights, and other institutions with similar names and functions and the differences between Human Rights Council and the institutions. Then, the dissertation further discusses the functions of Human Rights Council, inclusive of the election of Members, Universal Periodical Review, Advisory Committee, the Complaint Procedure, and the Special Procedures. Then in Chapter 3 (Israeli–Palestinian Issue) and Chapter 4 (Xinjiang Reeducation Camp Issue), the dissertation illustrates the issues with regular and special resolutions, or relating reports, to make clear the backgrounds. In Chapter 5, with the contents of abovementioned 2 chapters, the dissertation analyzes how Human Rights Council takes actions in the gross violation of human rights by nations, how its actions are influenced by the state and non-state agents, and how such influences form the international human rights norms. Finally, the dissertation is concluded in Chapter 6, with the former analysis.