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標題: | 邁向「文明與進步」的死亡:臺南喪葬基礎建設研究 Heading Towards "Civilization and Progress" in Death: A Study of Funeral Infrastructure in Tainan |
作者: | 邱睦容 Mu-Jung Chiu |
指導教授: | 洪廣冀 Kuang-Chi Hung |
關鍵字: | 基礎建設,死亡地景,南山公墓,環境衛生,總動員運動, Infrastructure,death landscapes,Nanshan Cemetery,environmental hygiene,Anti-Communist and Anti-Russian Mobilization Movement, |
出版年 : | 2023 |
學位: | 碩士 |
摘要: | 屍體的處理是都市日日都要面對的永恆課題,然而在臺灣,相關的死亡地景——公墓、火葬場、殯儀館、納骨塔卻總隱身在都市邊緣。另一方面,在火葬已蔚為主流的今日,根據內政部統計資料,2022年全臺仍計有2995處公墓,平均每一縣市便有136處,說明了土葬這個處理死亡的方式,在往昔社會中的重要性。本論文以「人與死亡的關係如何演變」為核心發問,探索曾與生者有著緊密連結的墓地,是如何在歷史的進程中,成為都市計畫亟欲剷除的場所?
本論文共分兩部,第一部從中央政策出發,說明1950年代臺灣省社會處首次以全臺為對象,所進行的大規模喪葬基礎建設(公墓、火葬場、殯儀館)改善計畫,是在美方與世衛組織對於「環境衛生」的關注下被推出,所欲解決的卻是土地、耕地不足的社會問題,國家藉著基礎建設為中介,將死亡地景由之於「個人」的紀念性,轉為之於「國家」的意義,並意圖塑造出「文明與進步」的理想國民;第二部從地方視角出發,以臺南為例,看見社會處改善計畫「動不起來」的落實狀況,但將研究時間拉長至1980年代,三十年前社會處改善計畫所欲打造的基礎建設(示範公墓、納骨塔)與火葬推行,終究在風水舊慣的施力和社會型態的變遷之下被接受,成為今日喪葬行為的一部分。 本論文的研究發現有三。第一,1950年代在反共抗俄總動員運動背景之下,臺灣省社會處所推行的「改善公墓、火葬場、殯儀館計劃」,以節約土地與景觀打造為目的在全臺建立喪葬基礎建設,是鬆動人與墓地的關係之始。第二,新基礎建設的被接受,僅靠設施的打造無法達成,地方社會中的相關從業者、一般民眾,他們所持的風水觀與民間舊慣,同樣發揮著影響力。第三,研究複數性的基礎建設,更能呈現彼此互為連動關係的複雜面貌,從土葬過渡到火葬,其驅力來自於公墓不佳的使用狀態,也來自相應基礎建設(納骨塔)的配合。本文主張,人與死亡的關係演變,是國家打造喪葬基礎建設之下的結果,但也是固有文化體系、地方社會三者共同交織之下的產物。 The handling of corpses is a common issue in urban areas. In Taiwan, the death-related landscapes—cemeteries, crematoriums, funeral homes, and columbaria—are often hidden on the outskirts of cities. Moreover, despite the prevalence of cremation nowadays, there are still 2,995 cemeteries throughout Taiwan, averaging 136 per county or city, according to the statistics from the Ministry of the Interior in 2022. The statistics show the significance of traditional burial practices in the past. This thesis centers around the question of "how the relationship between people and death has evolved," exploring how burial sites, once closely connected with the living, have become places that urban planners seek to remove. The thesis is divided into two parts. The first part starts with the policies of the central government. My analysis shows that although the large-scale funeral infrastructure improvement projects (cemeteries, crematoriums, funeral homes) conducted by the Taiwan Provincial Social Affairs Bureau in the 1950s were launched in line with the American and WHO's concern of "environmental hygiene," the aims of the projects were in fact to address the social issues derived from limited land and farmland. Through the medium of infrastructure development, the state transformed the symbolic meaning of death landscapes from personal memento to being "national" and created the ideal citizens of "civilization and progress." The second part takes a local perspective, using Tainan as an example, and observes the difficulties of Taiwan Provincial Social Affairs Bureau’s implementing improvement projects back to the 1980s. The promotion of cremation and the funeral infrastructure (demonstrative public cemeteries and columbaria) planned by the Taiwan Provincial Social Affairs Bureau three decades ago were eventually accepted by the public in the midst feng shui traditions and changes in social structures and have become parts of today's funeral practices. The research findings of this thesis are threefold. Firstly, in the 1950s, under the backdrop of the Anti-Communist and Anti-Russian Mobilization Movement, the Taiwan Provincial Social Affairs Bureau initiated the Cemeteries, Crematoriums, and Funeral Homes Improvement Project to establish funeral infrastructure across Taiwan with the purpose of conserving land and creating pleasant landscapes, marking the beginning of the changing relationship between people and burial sites. Secondly, the acceptance of new infrastructure is not solely achieved through the construction of infrastructure; the views of relevant professionals and the general public in local communities, rooted in feng shui beliefs and cultural customs, also play significant roles. Thirdly, by studying the development of multiple infrastructures, a complex interrelationship emerges, where the transition from burial to cremation is driven not only by the inadequate use of public cemeteries but also by the complementarity of corresponding facilities (columbaria). This thesis asserts that the evolution of the relationship between people and death is a result of the state's creation of funeral infrastructure, as well as an outcome intertwined with inherent cultural systems and local societies. |
URI: | http://tdr.lib.ntu.edu.tw/jspui/handle/123456789/88976 |
DOI: | 10.6342/NTU202302583 |
全文授權: | 同意授權(限校園內公開) |
顯示於系所單位: | 地理環境資源學系 |
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