論莊子的政治思想：生命政治視角的詮釋

Abstract

本文欲以當代人文學中相當被重視的「生命政治」（Biopolitics）的觀點，重新檢視傳統中國哲學之於當代民主社會的價值與意義。對於中國哲學而言，「生命政治」是一個陌生的主題，但本文試著去呈現：即使是如此新穎的政治哲學領域，在《莊子》這個千年前的文本中仍然有所共鳴。 作為一個相當新的視角的開端以及著力之處，我將試著以生命政治的角度重新切入《莊子》文本，尤其集中於《莊子》中對於生命以及政治的態度。本文涉及傅柯、阿岡本等人的生命政治學，並以此出發重新看待《莊子》的政治哲學；藉由討論《莊子》中的「道」與「名」之張力、「無用之大用」以及人性論，本文將試著肯定《莊子》的確擁有其獨特的生命政治觀，並指出這樣政治觀究竟是以何種樣貌所呈現，以及究竟在回應什麼樣的政治、社會問題。這個生命政治觀將透過「何謂人的生命」以及「如何善養人的生命」等問題去呈現《莊子》對於政治的思考，以及對於儒墨的政治批判；與此同時，也能夠對於當今的政治提供一種跨時代的反省。

This thesis discusses the value and significance of traditional Chinese philosophy for contemporary democratic societies through the lens of "biopolitics," a concept highly regarded in contemporary studies. In Chinese philosophy/For scholars in Chinese philosophy, “biopolitics” seems to be a new and unfamiliar research topic. However, in this thesis, I argue that even though biopolitics is an innovative field within western political philosophy, its basic ideas are not absent in Zhuangzi, a canon of ancient Chinese philosophy. As a new and important perspective to re-examine the text of Zhuangzi, I attempt to take the standpoint of biopolitics, and focus particularly on its attitudes toward life and politics. This thesis would include the thoughts from Foucault and Agamben to re-examine the political philosophy of Zhuangzi. Through the discussions of the tension between "Dao" and "Ming," the concept of "uselessness as great use," and what Zhuangzi thinks about human nature, the article seeks to affirm the unique biopolitical perspective of Zhuangzi, and to indicate how this perspective is presented and what political and social issues it addresses. This biopolitical perspective will be presented through questions such as "what is human life?" and "how can we nurture human life?" to illustrate Zhuangzi's political thought and critique of Confucianism and Mohism. At the same time, it can provide a reflection across time for modern society nowadays.