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  1. NTU Theses and Dissertations Repository
  2. 法律學院
  3. 科際整合法律學研究所
請用此 Handle URI 來引用此文件: http://tdr.lib.ntu.edu.tw/jspui/handle/123456789/87933
完整後設資料紀錄
DC 欄位值語言
dc.contributor.advisor柯格鐘zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisorKe-Chung Koen
dc.contributor.author江冠嬅zh_TW
dc.contributor.authorGuan-Hua Jiangen
dc.date.accessioned2023-07-31T16:23:49Z-
dc.date.available2023-11-09-
dc.date.copyright2023-07-31-
dc.date.issued2023-
dc.date.submitted2023-06-30-
dc.identifier.citation一、中文文獻
(一)書籍
陳清秀(2008),《現代稅法原理與國際稅法》,臺北:元照。
陳清秀 (2018),《國際稅法》,臺北:元照。
(二)期刊文獻
彭慧鸞(1997),〈亞太地區的科技競爭與合作:「科技資訊協定」的政經意涵〉,《問題與研究》,第36卷第2期,頁46。
楊葉承、蔡怡欣(2019),〈境外電商營運模式與課徵案例探討〉,《財稅研究》,第48卷第6期,頁2。
陳衍任(2022),〈數位經濟課稅的雙邊解決方案—評「聯合國租稅協定範本」第12B條的修正建議〉,《會計師季刊》,第290期,頁33。
羅月君(2021),〈外國營利事業相關營業所得之課稅爭議〉,《國會季刊》,第49卷第3期,頁68。
莊美雪、陳清秀(2019),〈跨境電子商務課徵營業稅問題之研究〉,《財稅研究》,第48卷第6期,頁51。
林義夫(2003),〈數位經濟發展現況與展望〉,《國家政策季刊》,第二卷第一期,頁95。
陳清秀(2020),〈國際稅法上營業所得來源地問題之探討〉,《東吳法律學報》,第31卷第4期,頁106。
陳清秀(2018),〈國際稅法上合法節稅、稅捐規避、逃漏稅(下)〉,《植根雜誌》,第34卷第12期,頁447。
陳清秀(2017),〈國際稅法上權利金所得之課稅〉,《月旦法學雜誌》,第264期,頁16-20。
陳清秀(2022),〈國際稅法上數位經濟之課稅問題探討—以OECD「數位經濟之課稅挑戰」之研究報告為中心〉,《高大法學論叢》,18卷,頁61。
陳清秀 (2011),〈外國公司諮詢所得來源地判斷——評析最高行政法院 99 年度判字第 719 號判決〉,《稅務旬刊》,第 2156 期,頁 7-13。
黃英華(2018),〈稅基侵蝕及利潤移轉第7號行動方案簡析及實務修正建議〉,《財稅研究》,第47卷第3期,頁87。
朱俊傑 (2017),〈當前國際間租稅協定對於常設機構之認定、常設機構與多國籍之企業組織、酷政、策略之關聯性及有關常設機構之課稅實務探討〉,《財稅研究》,第43卷第2期,頁181。
陳衍任 (2019),〈國際稅法在「數位經濟」面臨的衝擊與挑戰:評「BEPS第一號行動方案」對我國跨境電商課稅制度影響〉,《臺大法學論叢》,第48卷第1期,頁278。
陳衍任 (2023),臉書廣告課稅問題研究—最高行政法院一〇九年度上字第九七二號判決評析,國立中正大學法學集刊,第78期。
國發會經濟發展處(2020),〈歐洲數位服務稅發展簡析〉,《台灣經濟論壇》,18卷1期,頁59。
黃劭彥、許義忠、洪燕輝 (2022),〈課徵外國營利事業跨境銷售,電子勞務所得稅之探討與建議〉,《月旦財稅實務釋評》,第27期,頁23。
柯格鐘、林上軒 (2019),〈非居民電子商務營利事業之企業所得稅問題──評最高行法院106年度判字第94號行政判決〉,《月旦會計實務研究》,頁110-133。
江雅琦、陳俞廷 (2022),〈跨境數位稅制之發展與挑戰〉,《華岡法粹》,Vol.72,頁133。
黃源浩 (2013),〈勞務所得作為中華民國來源所得〉,《東吳公法論叢》,第6卷,2013年7月,頁116。
簡銀瑩(2021),〈全球數位服務稅的基本架構與展望〉,《月旦會計實務研究》,第47期,頁23。
曾博昇(2020),〈OECD稅基侵蝕及利潤移轉規定2.0提案與解析-重寫國際利潤分配規則〉,《月旦財稅實務釋評》,第5期,頁56。
(三)網路資料
財政部稅賦署(2020),最終母公司在我國境內之跨國企業集團應送交國別報告統計表,https://www.dot.gov.tw/singlehtml/ch_512?cntId=dot_202005080002_512.
財團法人中華經濟研究院 (2019),數位科技對民間消費的影響及發展趨勢,頁41, https://www.ndc.gov.tw/nc_415_33931.
王妍文、鄒昀倢 (2016),Uber如何落地台灣?行政院政委蔡玉玲提底線,TechOrange, https://buzzorange.com/techorange/2015/08/28/government-and-uber/.
吳佳蓉 (2017),跨境電商課稅新制上路Uber登記了,自由時報,https://news.ltn.com.tw/news/life/breakingnews/2122334.
二、英文文獻
(一)書籍
Rutsel Silvestre J. Martha (1989), The Jurisdiction to Tax in International Law: Theory and Practice of Legislative Fiscal Jurisdiction, Heidelburg: Springer.
Jeremy Rifkin (2014), The Zero Magical Cost Society, NY: Palgrave Macmillan.
(二)OECD資料
OECD (2000), Clarification on the Application of the Permanent Establishment. Definition in E-commerce: Changes to the Commentary on the Model Tax Convention on Article 5, at 3-4.
OECD (2010), Commentaries on the Articles of the Model Tax Convention, https://www.oecd.org/berlin/publikationen/43324465.pdf.
OECD (2014), Commentary on Article 5: Concerning the Definition of Permanent. Establishment, https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/taxation/model-tax-convention-on-income-and-on-capital-condensed-version-2014/commentary-on-article-5-concerning-the-definition-of-permanent-establishment_mtc_cond-2014-39-en.
OECD (2015), Addressing the Tax Challenges of the Digital Economy, Action 1- 2015 Final Report, OECD/G20 Base Erosion and Profit Shifting Project, OECD Publishing, http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264241046-en.
OECD (2015), OECD Digital Economy Outlook 2015, http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264232440-en.
OECD (2015), Preventing the Artificial Avoidance of Permanent Establishment Status, Action 7- 2015 Final Report, https://www.oecd.org/tax/preventing-the-artificial-avoidance-of-permanent-establishment-status-action-7-2015-final-report-9789264241220-en.htm.
OECD (2017), Commentary on Article 5 of the 2017 Model Tax Convention on Income and on Capital, https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/taxation/model-tax-convention-on-income-and-on-capital-condensed-version-2017/commentary-on-article-5_mtc_cond-2017-8-en.
OECD (2017), Model Tax Convention on Income and on Capital, https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/taxation/model-tax-convention-on-income-and-on-capital-full-version_9a5b369e-en.
OECD (2017), OECD Transfer Pricing Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises and Tax Administrations, at 54-55.
OECD (2018), Tax Challenges Arising from Digitalisation – Interim Report 2018: Inclusive Framework on BEPS, OECD/G20 Base Erosion and Profit Shifting Project, http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264293083-en.
OECD (2019), Addressing the Tax Challenges of the Digitalisation of the Economy-Policy Note, https://www.oecd.org/tax/beps/policy-note-beps-inclusive-framework-addressing-tax-challenges-digitalisation.pdf.
OECD (2019), Public Consultation Document Secretariat Proposal for a “Unified Approach” under Pillar One, OECD/G20 Base Erosion and Profit Shifting Project.
OECD (2020), Tax Challenges Arising from Digitalisation – Report on Pillar One Blueprint: Inclusive Framework on BEPS, OECD/G20 Base Erosion and Profit Shifting Project, https://doi.org/10.1787/beba0634-en.
OECD (2020), Tax Challenges Arising from Digitaliation – Economic Impact Assessment: Inclusive Framework on BEPS, OECD/G20 Base Erosion and Profit Shifting Project, at 12, https://www.oecdilibrary.org/docserver/0e3cc2d4en.pdf?expires=1647236911&id=id&accname=guest&checksum=7B331EDE0A50581C4BE07B32B847FBAB.
OECD (2020), Statement by the OECD/G20 Inclusive Framework on BEPS on the Two-Pillar Approach to Address the Tax Challenges Arising from the Digitalisation of the Economy, OECD/G20 Inclusive Framework on BEPS, at 6, www.oecd.org/tax/beps/statement-by-the-oecd-g20-inclusive-framework-on-beps-january-2020.pdf.
OECD (2021), Statement on a Two-Pillar Solution to Address the Tax Challenges Arising from the Digitalisation of the Economy, OECD/G20 Base Erosion and Profit Shifting Project, at 1-2, https://www.oecd.org/tax/beps/statement-on-a-two-pillar-solution-to-address-the-tax-challenges-arising-from-the-digitalisation-of-the-economy-october-2021.pdf.
OECD (2021), Global Anti-Base Erosion Model Rules (Pillar Two)—Frequently. Asked Questions, at 3, https://www.oecd.org/tax/beps/pillar-two-model-GloBE-rules-faqs.pdf.
OECD (2022), Action 1 Tax Challenges Arising from Digitalisation, OECD/G20 Inclusive Framework on BEPS, https://www.oecd.org/tax/beps/beps-actions/action1/.
OECD (2022), Pillar One- Amount A: Draft Model Rules for Nexus and Revenue Sourcing, OECD/G20 Base Erosion and Profit Shifting Project.
OECD (2022), Progress Report on Amount A of Pillar One, Two-Pillar Solution to the Tax Challenges of the Digitalisation of the Economy, OECD/G20 Base Erosion and Profit Shifting Project.
OECD (2022), Progress Report on the Administration and Tax Certainty Aspects of Pillar One, Public Consultation Oct.6-Nov.11, OECD/G20Base Erosion and Profit Shifting Project.
OECD (2022), Public Consultation Document Pillar One—Amount B, OECD/G20 Base Erosion and Profit Shifting Project.
(三)聯合國資料
United Nations (2021), Model Double Taxation Convention Between Developed and Developing Countries, https://www.un.org/development/desa/financing/document/un-model-double-taxation-convention-between-developed-and-developing-countries-2021.
(四)歐盟資料
European Commission (2018), Digital Taxation: Commission proposes new measuresto ensure that all companies pay fair tax in the EU, https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/IP_18_2041.
European Commission (2018), Fair Taxation of the Digital Economy, https://taxation-customs.ec.europa.eu/fair-taxation-digital-economy_en.
European Council (2017), European Council meeting (2017) – Conclusions, EUCO 14/17, at 8.
European Commission (2018), Proposal for a Council Directive Laying Down Rules Relating to the Corporate Taxation of a Significant Digital Presence, COM (2018) 147 final, at 16.
European Commission (2018), Proposal for a Council Directive on the Common. System of a Digital Service Tax on Revenues Resulting from the Provision of Certain Digital Services, COM (2018) 148 final, at 6.
European Commission (2018), Commission Staff Working Document Impact Assessment, Accompanying the Document, Proposal for a Council Directive Laying Down Rules Relating to the Corporate Taxation of a Significant Digital Presence and Proposal for a Council Directive on the Common System of a Digital Service Tax on Revenues Resulting from the Provisions of Certain Digital Services, SWD (2018) 81 final/2, at 20.
(五)其他組織資料
International Money Fund (2008), Globalization: A Brief Review, https://www.imf.org/external/np/exr/ib/2008/053008.htm.
Office of the United States Trade Representative (2019), Report on France’s Digital. Service Tax Prepared in the Investigation under Section 301of the Trade Act of 1974, at 76-77.
Department of Finance Canada (2021), Consultation on Other Tax Measures: Supplementary Information, https://www.budget.gc.ca/2021/report-rapport/anx7-en.html.
U.S. Department of the Treasury (2021), Joint Statement from the United States, Austria France, Italy, Spain and the United Kingdom, regarding a Compromise on a Transitional Approach to Existing Unilateral Measures During the Interim Period Before Pillar 1 is in Effect, https://home.treasury.gov/news/press-releases/jy0419.
Committee on Taxation of E-Commerce, Government of India (2016), Proposal for Equalization Levy on Specified Transactions, at 87.
Department of Treasury (2016), United States Model Income Tax Convention, https://home.treasury.gov/system/files/131/Treaty-US-Model-2016_1.pdf.
Australian Government (2018), The Digital Economy and Australia’s Corporate Tax System, Treasury, at 13-14.
(六)期刊論文
Alistair Pepper, Thomas D. Bettge, Jessie Coleman (2022), Amount B: The Forgotten Piece of the Pillar 1Jigsaw, Tax Note International, Volume 197, Number 2, at 143.
John Deighton, Peter A. Johnson (2013), The Value of Data: Consequences for Insight, Innovation and Efficiency in the U.S. Economy, Harvard Business School Report, at 13, file:///Users/caroline/Downloads/The-Value-of-Data-Consequences-for-Insight-Innovation-and-Efficiency-in-the-US-Economy%20(4).pdf.
Benjamin Walker (2018), The evolution of the Agency Permanent Establishment Concept, Australasian Tax Teachers Association, at 1-2, https://www.business.unsw.edu.au/About-Site/Schools-Site/Taxation-Business-Law-Site/Documents/40-Walker-ATTA2018.pdf.
Neha Rastogi, Beate Erwin (2019), More Permanent Establishments: The Dwindling Preparatory and Auxiliary Activities Exemption, Insights, Vol. 6 No.3, at 27.
Sean Bray (2021), Corporate Tax Rates Around the World 2021, Tax Foundation Fiscal Fact No.783, at 7.
Michael P. Devereux, John Vella (2018), Value Creation as the Fundamental Principle of the International Corporate Tax System, Oxford University Centre for Business Taxation Policy Paper, at 14.
S.C. Morse (2018), Value Creation: A Standard in Search of a Process, 72 Bull. Intl. Tax., Journals IBFD, at 4-5.
Becker Johannes, Joachim Englisch (2018), Taxing Where Value is Created: What’s 'User Involvement' Got to Do With It?, SSRN, at 19-20.
(七)網路資料
Christian Friedrich, Peter Selcuk (2022), The Impact of Globalization and Digitalization on the Phillip Curve, Bank of Canada Staff Working Paper, at 1, https://www.bankofcanada.ca/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/swp2022-7.pdf.
James M., Susan L., Jacques B., Jonathan W., Kalin S., Dhruv D. (2016), Digital Globalization: The New Era of Global Flows, McKinsey Global Institute, at 22, https://www.mckinsey.com/capabilities/mckinsey-digital/our-insights/digital-globalization-the-new-era-of-global-flows.
Andy Geldman (2021), The World’s Top eBay Sellers 2021, Web Retailer, https://www.webretailer.com/b/worlds-top-ebay-sellers/#About_the_Data.
Suchit Leesa-Nguansuk (2022), Alibaba Helps Upskill SMEs for B2B trade, Bangkok Post, https://www.bangkokpost.com/business/2247407/alibaba-helps-upskill-smes-for-b2b-trade.
James M., Michael C., Brad B., Jacques B., Richard D., Charles R., Angela H. B. (2011), Big Data: The Next Frontier for Innovation, Competition, and Productivity, McKinsey Global Institute, at 4-6, https://www.mckinsey.com/~/media/mckinsey/business%20functions/mckinsey%20digital/our%20insights/big%20data%20the%20next%20frontier%20for%20innovation/mgi_big_data_exec_summary.ashx.
Statista (2022), Numbers of Data Centers Worldwide 2022, by Country, https://www.statista.com/statistics/1228433/data-centers-worldwide-by-country/.
Pablo Porporatto (2020), New UN Proposal for the Taxation of Automated Digital Services, Inter-American Center of Tax Administration, https://www.ciat.org/new-un-proposal-for-the-taxation-of-automated-digital-services/?lang=en.
Elke Asen, Daniel Bunn (2021), What European OECD Countries Are Doing about Digital Services Taxes, Tax Foundation, https://taxfoundation.org/digital-tax-europe-2022/.
KPMG (2020), KPMG Report: Summary and Initial Analysis of Pillar One Blueprint, at 3, https://assets.kpmg/content/dam/kpmg/us/pdf/2020/10/tnf-kpmg-report-pillar-one-blueprint-oct12-2020.pdf.
KPMG (2022), Pillar One: Amount B Headlines and Initial Observations, at 2, https://assets.kpmg.com/content/dam/kpmg/us/pdf/2022/12/pillar-one-amount-b-headlines-observations.pdf.
PWC (2022), OECD Launches Public Consultation on Pillar One draft Model Rules on Revenue Sourcing and Nexus, at 2, https://www.pwc.com/gx/en/tax/newsletters/tax-policy-bulletin/assets/pwc-oecd-launches-public-consultation-on-p1-draft-model-rules.pdf.
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dc.identifier.urihttp://tdr.lib.ntu.edu.tw/jspui/handle/123456789/87933-
dc.description.abstract全球經濟數位化與數位經濟企業的快速崛起對國際稅捐規則發起挑戰,既有之常設機構原則難以繼續適用前提下,引起市場國與居住國對於稅捐分配制度的質疑。面對此挑戰,OECD嘗試以BEPS第一號行動方案進行解決,部分國家則出台了單邊數位稅措施,卻也導致了國際稅捐秩序的混亂。2019年,OECD終於提出雙支柱方案,其中第一支柱針對經濟數位化提出獨立於常設機構原則以外之全新全球利潤分配規則,雖各國對第一支柱之細節仍有諸多討論與爭議,卻可以由此觀察到國際間對於市場國於價值創造貢獻之認可,與各國對於市場國應享有部分課稅管轄權之共識。
本文透過整理各組織與國家對經濟數位化所提出解方,觀察全球利潤分配稅制之背景與走向、透過對第一支柱之研究,理解新制將帶來的變革、制度設計上之不足及諸多尚待解決之實行上挑戰。而後以我國「外國營利事業跨境銷售電子勞務課徵所得稅規定」為出發,呈現經濟數位化為我國帶來之稅捐稽徵挑戰,檢視我國實務上所得來源認定之合理性,並探討國際稅捐新趨勢下,我應如何於將新制融合於現有規範架構與雙邊租稅協定中,選定適合我國採納的稅改內容,對我國的稅收制度進行修訂與完善。
zh_TW
dc.description.abstractThe digitalization of the economy and the rapid rise of digital enterprises has dramatically challenged the current international tax rules. The permanent establishment principles can no longer apply in most contexts, leading to questions about allocating taxation rights between market and residence jurisdictions. In response to this challenge, the OECD attempted to address the issue with BEPS Action 1; meanwhile, some countries chose to introduce unilateral digital tax measures, which brought even more chaos to the international tax order.
In 2019, the OECD finally proposed a two-pillar solution. Pillar One focuses on the digitalization of the economy and proposes new global profit allocation rules independent of the permanent establishment principles. While there are still many discussions and controversies surrounding the details of Pillar One, there is international recognition of the contribution of market jurisdictions to value creation and a consensus among countries that market jurisdictions should have a share of taxing rights.
This article observes the background and trends of international profit allocation by looking into the solutions proposed by various organizations and countries. Studying the new taxation structure helps identify the changes that will arise, spot shortcomings in the institutional design, and points out the implementation challenges that must be addressed. Additionally, based on discussions over domestic regulation, Income Taxation on Cross-border Electronic Services presents challenges in tax collection and enforcement in Taiwan. It examines the equitability of the recognition standards of income sources. It also suggests how our country should integrate the new system into the existing regulatory framework and double taxation agreements, offering the selection of suitable tax reform content to improve our tax system in light of the new trends in international taxation.
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dc.description.tableofcontents第一章 緒論 1
第一節 研究動機 1
第二節 研究方法 4
第三節 研究範圍 5
第四節 論文架構 6
第二章 全球化數位經濟企業 7
第一節 數位化經濟 8
第一項 數位經濟之性質 9
第一款 流動性 9
第一目 無形資產流動性 9
第二目 使用者流動性 9
第三目 業務功能流動性 10
第二款 依賴數據與用戶參與 11
第三款 網路效應 12
第四款 波動性 13
第二項 數位經濟商業模式 13
第一款 多邊市場模式 13
第二款 獨佔或寡佔 14
第二節 數位經濟企業 15
第三節 新模式之於現行稅法架構 16
第一項 基礎稅法架構與原則 16
第一款 稅收管轄權 16
第二款 常設機構 18
第一目 概念提出與意義 18
第二目 構成要件與規範 20
第三目 我國常設機構規範 26
第三款 移轉訂價 27
第二項 數位經濟所帶來之挑戰 28
第一款 關聯性挑戰 28
第二款 數據挑戰 30
第三款 定性挑戰 31
第四節 數位稅於我國衍生之問題 32
第三章 全球應對經濟數位化 35
第一節 BEPS第一號行動方案 36
第一項 數位經濟下之稅制反思 36
第二項 第一號行動計畫之可能解方 37
第一款 數位常設機構 37
第一目 銷售額 38
第二目 市場國數位化功能之使用 39
第三目 使用者人數 39
第二款 所得來源國扣繳稅捐 40
第三款 徵收平衡稅 41
第三項 第一號行動方案進程 41
第二節 數位稅首先提出—印度 42
第三節 歐洲與其他國家跟進 44
第一項 歐盟 44
第一款 顯著數位常設機構 44
第二款 數位稅 46
第二項 英國 47
第三項 法國 48
第四項 加拿大 50
第四節 國際間之數位稅爭議 51
第一項 數位經濟企業大國懲罰性關稅與和談 51
第二項 數位稅之定性爭議 53
第四章 BEPS架構下國際稅捐新制與趨勢 55
第一節 BEPS 2.0方案變革──第一支柱 55
第一項 金額A 56
第一款 產業適用例外 57
第一目 自然資源開採 58
第二目 受監管的金融服務 59
第二款 課稅權門檻 59
第一目 全球所得標準 59
第二目 最低外國來源所得標準 60
第三款 關聯性判斷 61
第四款 所得來源地判斷 63
第五款 稅基計算 67
第六款 稅額計算 69
第七款 雙重課稅防免 70
第一目 確認納稅義務實體 70
第二目 雙重課稅防免方案 72
第二項 金額B 74
第一款 適用範圍 75
第二款 最適常規交易原則 75
第三款 移轉訂價文件要求 76
第四款 租稅爭議機制 76
第二節 第一支柱核心原則更迭與評價 76
第一項 常設機構原則之調整 77
第二項 用戶價值創造課稅原則 79
第一款 用戶價值認定困難 79
第二款 OECD架構下之用戶價值創造 80
第三項 公式化分配規則 83
第五章 第一支柱之於我國電子商務課稅架構 89
第一節 我國就跨境電商之所得稅課徵 89
第一項 跨境電商之所得類型定性 89
第二項 所得稅課徵與避稅防免 90
第二節 第一支柱新架構之於我國租稅環境 94
第一項 對我國現行法規影響 94
第一款 我國來源所得定義 94
第二款 關聯性標準 95
第三款 適用門檻與稅額計算 96
第二項 Facebook廣告投放案例探討 98
第一款 廣告投放服務模式 98
第二款 案例事實與爭點 100
第三款 法院見解 100
第四款 案例分析 102
第三項 我國徵稅權挑戰 105
第一款 出口導向之產業結構 106
第二款 就源扣繳制度 106
第三款 稅捐轉嫁 109
第四款 C2C業者之囊括 112
第三節 我國規制修正方向 113
第一項 國際間稅改現狀 113
第二項 我國法與租稅協定 115
第六章 結論 119
參考文獻 123
中文文獻 123
外文文獻 125
-
dc.language.isozh_TW-
dc.title經濟數位化之課稅問題— 以BEPS2.0第一支柱為核心zh_TW
dc.titleStudy on Taxation Issues under Digitalization of the Economy – Focusing on BEPS 2.0 Pillar Oneen
dc.typeThesis-
dc.date.schoolyear111-2-
dc.description.degree碩士-
dc.contributor.oralexamcommittee陳清秀;陳衍任zh_TW
dc.contributor.oralexamcommitteeChing-Hsiou Chen;Yen-Jen Chenen
dc.subject.keyword經濟數位化,第一支柱,課稅管轄權,利潤分配,中華民國來源所得,zh_TW
dc.subject.keywordDigitalization of the Economy,Pillar One,Tax Jurisdiction,Profit Allocation,Income from Sources in the Republic of China,en
dc.relation.page130-
dc.identifier.doi10.6342/NTU202301216-
dc.rights.note同意授權(全球公開)-
dc.date.accepted2023-07-03-
dc.contributor.author-college法律學院-
dc.contributor.author-dept科際整合法律學研究所-
顯示於系所單位:科際整合法律學研究所

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