陽明山國家公園生態系統服務之研究

Abstract

陽明山國家公園位處大臺北地區中心位置，為緊鄰的大臺北都會區提供重要的生態系統服務。因其資源獨特性與地利之便，存在遊憩利用所造成的環境衝擊問題，以及伴隨而來的開發爭議。然而，陽明山國家公園所能提供的效益廣泛，如何使各項效益永續經營是為重要議題。生態系統服務綜合了眾多效益，進而與人類福祉產生連結，提供管理者一個整體性評估方法，試圖從廣泛且複雜的生態系統相互作用與聯繫之中，釐清提供服務的環境資源為何、提供了哪些服務以及如何評估服務。本研究主要分兩個階段進行。第一階段建立陽明山國家公園生態系統服務評估架構，以文獻內容分析法進行，首先蒐集陽明山國家公園相關研究，指認陽明山國家公園土地覆蓋類型與生態系統服務的關係；接著蒐集生態系統服務相關研究，針對陽明山國家公園未能有實證研究可供指認之關係，分析其潛在的土地覆蓋類型與生態系統服務的關係；再針對各項生態系統服務彙整效益相關評估指標。第二階段針對遊憩服務進行供應與需求評估，遊憩供應方面蒐集的相關數據包含自然度、水體、山峰數量、景觀多樣性、保護程度、道路密度以及與都市區距離，遊憩需求方面則透過問卷調查蒐集人們對於不同土地覆蓋類型的遊憩參與傾向與區內實際使用情況，使用ArcGIS繪製遊憩服務的供需空間分布圖。第一階段研究結果顯示，陽明山國家公園土地覆蓋類型共分為9類，包含森林、草生地、火山裸地、溼地、溪流、水圳、農地、公園、人工建地，指認的生態系統服務，共有11細項，就大類而言依序為文化服務(69%)、供給服務(22%)、調節與維護服務(9%)，以森林提供的各項效益較多；比對相關研究建立之土地覆蓋類型與生態系統服務關係、專家訪談結果，陽明山國家公園尚有13項潛在的生態系統服務。第二階段研究量化分析陽明山國家公園遊憩供應、遊憩參與傾向、遊憩實際使用度後，使用自然分類法(Natural Breaks (Jenks))將數值由高至低分為三級。研究結果顯示，遊憩供應高的區域佔了64.15%，參與傾向高的區域佔了75.28%，實際使用度高的區域佔了35.32%。其中遊憩需求高於遊憩供應（遊憩參與傾向高、實際使用高但遊憩供應能力低）的區域約佔2.39%，大多數區域為供應與需求平衡、供應高於需求的狀態。

Yangmingshan National Park (YNP) is located in the central of Taipei metropolitan area, it provides vital ecosystem services (ES) for urban residents. Because of the uniqueness of resources and the easy accessibility, there have been environmental impact problems caused by recreational use and concomitant development disputes. However, YNP can provide a wide range of ES. It is an important issue that all ES can be operated sustainably. Therefore, the purposes of this study were to clarify the ES framework of YNP and to access the supply and demand of a ES for demonstration. This study was mainly carried out in two phases. The first phase established the YNP ES assessment framework by conducting literature content analysis. First, we collected research on YNP and identified the relationships between land-covers and the ES. Second, we collected research on ES to analyze the potential relationships between land-covers and ES that has not yet pointed out in YNP. And then we summarized the evaluation indicators for each ES. The second phase carried out the supply and demand assessment of recreation ES. The data of supply we collected including naturalness, water, mountain summits, landscape diversity, protected level, road density, and distance from urban areas. In addition, we used the questionnaire method to collect publics’ demand for YNP, including the recreation participation tendency and the actual recreation use. Final, we used ArcGIS to map the supply and demand maps. The results of the first phase showed that the land-covers of YNP were divided into nine categories, including forest, grassland, volcanic bare land, wetland, river, irrigation ditches, agricultural area, park, and artificial surface. The ES has a total of eleven items. Cultural ES was the highest (69%), followed by provisioning ES (22%), and regulation and maintenance ES (9%). The forest provided the most services. Comparing with relevant research and the results of expert interviews, there were 13 potential ES in YNP. The second phase quantified and analyzed the supply, participation tendency, and actual use of YNP recreation service. We divided the values into three levels by using Natural Breaks (Jenks). The results showed that the area with high supply accounted for 64.15%, the area with high participation tendency accounted for 75.28%, and the area with high actual use accounted for 35.32%. Among them, the area with the demand higher than the supply accounted for 2.39%. Most of the regions were in a state of balance between supply and demand, and a situation that supply was higher than demand.