社福資源值得性對支持弱勢群體之影響與機制

Abstract

伴隨民主、平等的社會氛圍逐漸濃厚，現今許多弱勢群體發起權益與社福資源倡議運動，但是社會大眾對不同弱勢群體的倡議運動有迥異的態度。然而，目前尚不清楚大眾態度差異的原因與心理機制，本研究從社福資源值得性切入，探討人們知覺不同弱勢群體的社福資源值得性是否有差異，以及檢視弱勢群體的哪些性質可能影響社福資源值得性的判斷，亦進一步釐清社福資源值得性與支持意願關係之中介機制。預試（N = 106）結果顯示人們知覺五種弱勢群體（身心障礙者、老年人、街友、原住民、新住民）的社福資源值得性有所不同，亦發現被人們認為可控制性越低、服從社會標準程度越高的群體所獲得的社福資源值得性越高。研究一（N = 210）進一步探討社福資源值得性與支持意願之間的中介機制，結果顯示當人們知覺弱勢群體的社福資源值得性越高，會引起越多的同情情緒、越能觀點採納弱勢處境，以及認為弱勢群體的資源競爭性越低，進而更願意支持弱勢群體的社福政策與倡議行動。研究二（N = 353）則採用實驗法，結果顯示操弄可控制性、服從社會標準程度分別對人們知覺社福資源值得性有顯著影響，以及再次驗證社福資源值得性與支持意願的同情情緒、觀點取替與資源競爭的中介機制模型。本研究嘗試以社福資源值得性的角度來解釋台灣民眾對弱勢群體獲取社福資源的觀感差異，期望本研究能幫助台灣弱勢群體在未來權益與資源倡議的路上能獲得更正向的態度與支持。

As Taiwan grows increasingly democratic and egalitarian, more and more disadvantaged groups have initiated social movements to advocate/claim their rights to social welfare. However, the public differs in how they view various disadvantaged groups engaging in social movements, and what contributes to this difference remains unclear. In this research, we utilize the concept of welfare deservingness to examine the factors and psychological mechanisms behind people’s different attitudes toward disadvantaged groups. We tested first whether people perceive different degrees of welfare deservingness toward different disadvantaged groups. We then investigated factors that account for the different degrees of welfare deservingness among various disadvantaged groups, including four mediation processes to explain why people support some disadvantaged groups in seeking welfare but not others. In a pilot study (N = 106), we found that people have different degrees of welfare deservingness toward five target groups—disabled people, elderly people, homeless people, indigenous people, and recent immigrants. In addition, groups less controllable for their fate and more adhering to social norms would be perceived as more deserving. According to the survey data in Study 1 (N = 210), sympathy, perspective-taking, and zero-sum competition were found to account for the association between welfare deservingness and support for the welfare given to a specific group. The more people feel deserving of a target group, the more sympathy they feel toward the target group, the more people could take the perspective of the target group, and the less they feel that the target group threatens the fair allocation of resources; as a result, they support the welfare policy tailored toward the target group (Study 1). In Study 2 (N = 353), we implemented an experiment and collected causal evidence for the mediation processes (sympathy, perspective-taking, and resource competition). By revealing group characteristics that account for different degrees of deservingness (controllability and norm-adherence) and mediation processes (sympathy, perspective-taking, and resource competition) that account for the association between deservingness and support of welfare policy for various disadvantaged groups, we offer suggestions on how disadvantaged groups may engage in social movements that improve their current situations.