以住宅創能達成近零建築之評估模型與策略：以台灣為例

Abstract

因應全球氣候變遷，淨零排放已成為國際共同的行動目標，為降低建築產業之能源消耗，各國積極發展零能源建築為解決方案。零能源建築不僅需達到建築節能，還需增加再生能源創能，以平衡建築所使用的能源消耗。因此為推廣我國零能源建築發展，本研究將以建築再生能源創能為主要研討方向，評估我國住宅建築實施近零能源建築之可行性，並以此探討建築物設置再生能源發電設備的策略。 本研究透過文獻回顧與專家訪談，分別收集相關學術文獻、研究報告、期刊文章與官方網站資訊，並諮詢業界專家之實務經驗，加以歸納統整，建立本研究住宅類建築的零能源建築架構、住宅耗能情境與適用於住宅創能之太陽光電創能方案。經整理比較，本研究共提出屋頂落地式、屋頂棚架式與既有鐵皮屋增建式共三種太陽光電創能方案。 接著，以連棟式透天、公寓與華廈住宅為研究對象，先利用 Ladybug Tools模擬各太陽光電創能方案於我國不同氣候區之年發電量，並根據模擬結果提出太陽光電發電量之建議計算模型。而後分析各方案於不同耗能情境下是否能達到零能源建築之設定標準和所需之建置面積大小，以此評估發電技術上的可行性。經軟體模擬結果顯示，採用屋頂棚架式方案能在相同建置面積下，產生最多發電量，屋頂面積分別為 50m2、100m2、200m2 的中南部透天、公寓、華廈住宅每年約可發電 1.2 萬、2.4 萬、4.9 萬度電。由此可知，屋頂棚架式為最具有潛力使住宅達成近零能源建築之太陽光電創能方案，能深化住宅對能源應用之永續性。 再以財務面的淨現值法和內部報酬率法，參考現有再生能源電力躉售制度，分析其投資報酬率、回收年限等經濟效益，以此評估經濟上的可行性。根據投資效益分析，除北部華廈採用屋頂棚架式之方案投資效益為負，其餘方案皆具有經濟可行性。其中屋頂棚架式之經濟效益較其他方案低，但屋頂面積分別為 50m2和 100m2 的透天和公寓住宅約可在 13 至 17 年回收投資成本、內部報酬率約有5%至 7%以上，每棟透天和公寓住宅於 20 年至多可產生 29 萬和 56 萬元之收益。 最後，綜合各項評估，我國住宅配合適當之建築節能後，可採用屋頂棚架式之策略，或如原已設有鐵皮屋，可採增建式之策略，以達成淨零或近零能源住宅。又根據我國住宅狀況分析，若能全面發展上述住宅創能策略，將可大幅減少我國住宅部門之用電量，極具有推展價值。

In response to global climate change, net-zero emissions have become a common international action goal. In order to reduce the energy consumption of the construction industry, countries are actively developing Zero Energy Buildings. Zero Energy Buildings not only need to achieve building energy efficiency, but also need to increase renewable energy generation to balance energy consumption in the buildings. Therefore, in order to promote the development of Zero Energy Buildings in Taiwan, this research will focus on housing energy creation, evaluate the feasibility of implementing Nearly Zero Energy Buildings in residential buildings, and explore strategies for installing renewable energy power generation equipment in buildings. Through literature review and expert interviews, this research collects relevant academic literature, research reports, journal articles and official website information, as well as the practical experience of consulting industry experts. By summarizing and integrating, the zero-energy building structure, residential energy consumption scenario and solar photovoltaic construction plan suitable for housing energy creation are established. After sorting and comparison, this research proposes three types of solar photovoltaic construction plans, which are roof floor type, roof trellis type and existing iron house addition type. Taking the terrace house, five-story and eight-story apartment as the research objects, firstly, Ladybug Tools is used to simulate the annual power generation of each solar photovoltaic installation plan in different climatic regions in Taiwan. Then, the calculation model of photovoltaic power generation is proposed according to the simulation results. This research analyzes whether each plan can meet the specifications of Zero Energy Buildings and the required construction area under different energy consumption scenarios, so as to evaluate the technical feasibility of power generation. After simulation, the roof trellis type can generate the most power generation under the same construction area. In the central and southern climatic regions, terrace house, five-story and eight-story apartment, the roof of which are 50m2, 100m2 and 200m2, can generate about 12,000 kWh, 24,000 kWh, and 49,000 kWh of electricity per year. From this, it can be seen that the roof trellis type is the most potential solar photovoltaic construction solution for residential buildings to achieve Nearly Zero Energy Buildings, which can deepen the sustainability of residential buildings. With the net present value method and the internal rate of return method on the financial side, this research analyzes the economic benefits such as the rate of return and the payback to evaluate the economic feasibility. According to the analysis of investment benefits, except for the eight-story apartment in the northern climatic region, which adopts the roof trellis type, the investment benefits are negative, the other plans are all economically feasible. Among them, the economic benefits of the roof trellis type are lower than other schemes, but the investment cost can be recovered in about 13 to 17 years, and the internal rate of return is about 5% to 7% for terrace house and fivestory apartment. Each terrace house and five-story apartment, the roof of which are 50m2 and 100m2, can generate income of 290,000 and 560,000 at most in 20 years. Finally, based on various evaluations, residential buildings in Taiwan can adopt the strategy of roof trellis type, or if there are existing iron houses, the strategy of addition type can be adopted to achieve Zero Energy Buildings. According to the analysis of Taiwan's housing situation, if the above strategy can be fully developed, the electricity consumption in Taiwan's housing sector can be reduced drastically. It is highly feasible to promote Nearly Zero Energy Buildings in Taiwan.