以色列水資源政策、水法及水價之研究

Abstract

在水資源有限，但需求卻不斷增加的情況下，水資源匱乏的問題將會愈來愈明顯地反映在我們的生活當中。水資源匱乏的議題牽扯到糧食安全、能源發展等國家安全的層面，進而衍伸到影響一個國家的經濟體系以及政治社會的穩定性。相較於世界上其他國家，以色列是個極度缺水的國家，其國土有七成被沙漠覆蓋，全國年平均降雨僅約為435毫米，卻在2005年之後，靠著陸續興建五座大型海水淡化廠，以及其他先後發展的先進科技及技術，如：污水處理系統、滴灌技術與智慧管理等，搭配上嚴謹的法規，成功的解決該國水資源匱乏之問題。 本研究首先論述以色列獨立建國以來之水政策歷史，根據政策制定之目標、欲解決之問題、方法與執行機關的不同，按年份大致劃分為四個時期來探討。接著，簡述七部以色列水資源相關法規，且著重於分析《水法》的現行架構與修訂過程，並對各章節內容進行分析。為了正確的理解最新版的《水法》，本研究並對最新版的《水法》進行完整的翻譯。再來分析各標的用水水價之計算方式與操作模式，並對水價調漲造成各標的用水量變動之影響進行深入剖析，最後，與我國水資源現況進行比較後提出討論。 依本研究所歸納出之結論，工業用水以及農業用水量的變化，皆顯示出與水價調整之過程無顯著相關，而是與節水活動有關。但是，家庭用水的人均用水量除了與節水活動有關外，也與水價之變動呈現高度負相關。雖然如此，對以色列而言，水價的調整，其價值在於改變傳統的水資源產業成為大量運用高科技、具有高產值的新興產業。此外，農業用水水價逐年調漲，促使農民用水型態逐漸改變，除了逐漸提高使用邊際水(鹼水、再生水)灌溉的比例之外，而由於有把握取得穩定的供水，也提高了農民的種植高收益農產品的意願，其生產力及農產品外銷收益大幅增加。 水價是直接的水資源管理政策工具，但台灣自來水公司至今已28年未調漲水價，未能與物價俱進地調漲水價，嚴重影響我國的用水效率及拖累水相關產業的發展。因此，本研究提出建議，應提高水價，並徵收耗水費，使水價能夠反映出實際的供水成本，也能提升我國人民節水意識與再生水使用的誘因，並進一步誘發我國水科技產業的蓬勃發展。

Water resources are limited but demand on them is always increasing. The problem of water scarcity will become more and more obvious in our lives. Issue of water scarcity involve national security aspects such as food security and energy development, and then extend to affect a country's economic system and political and social stability. Compared with other countries, Israel as one of the most extremely water-deficient country in the world has an average annual rainfall of only about 435 mm. Seventy percent of its land is covered by deserts. However, not only with the successive construction of five large-scale desalination plants had been built after 2005, but with the advanced technologies, for example, sewage treatment system, drip irrigation technology and smart management, etc., combined with strict regulations, the country has successfully solved the problem of water scarcity. First, this study narrates the history of water policy since Israel’s independence. According to the goals of policy, problems, methods and the different implementing agencies, it is roughly divided into four periods to be discussed. Next, it briefly introduces seven Israeli water-related laws and regulations, and focuses on the analysis of the current structure and revision process of the 'Water Law'. This study analyzes the content of each chapter and also translates the latest edition of 'Water Law'. Then it analyzes the calculation method and the water price of each target, and makes an in-depth analysis of the impact of the change in water consumption of each target caused by the increase in water price. After comparing it with the current water resources situation in our country, eight important aspects are then discussed. The conclusion drawn from this study is that the changes of industrial and agricultural water consumption are not related to the process of water price adjustment, but related to water saving activities. However, the per capita water consumption of domestic water is not only related to the water saving activities, but also has highly negatively correlation with the change of water prices. Even so, the value of the adjustment of water prices is to make the traditional water resources industry flourish and turn it into an emerging industry with high output value. In addition, the increase in agricultural water prices and the stable water supply for irrigation have resulted in a substantial increase in productivity and export revenue of agricultural products. Water price is a direct policy tool for water resources management, but Taiwan Water Corporation has not raised its water price for 28 years, which seriously affects our country's water use efficiency. Therefore, this study puts forward suggestions that the water price should be raised so that it can reflect the actual water supply cost, and can also raise the awareness of public water conservation, and further to induce the vigorous development of our country's water technology industry.