請用此 Handle URI 來引用此文件：
http://tdr.lib.ntu.edu.tw/jspui/handle/123456789/8608完整後設資料紀錄
| DC 欄位 | 值 | 語言 |
|---|---|---|
| dc.contributor.advisor | 黃鵬鵬 | |
| dc.contributor.author | Ruo-Dong Chen | en |
| dc.contributor.author | 陳若冬 | zh_TW |
| dc.date.accessioned | 2021-05-20T19:58:53Z | - |
| dc.date.available | 2010-07-12 | |
| dc.date.available | 2021-05-20T19:58:53Z | - |
| dc.date.copyright | 2010-07-12 | |
| dc.date.issued | 2010 | |
| dc.date.submitted | 2010-07-05 | |
| dc.identifier.citation | Abele, D., and Puntarulo, S. (2004). Formation of reactive species and induction of antioxidant defence systems in polar and temperate marine invertebrates and fish. Comp Biochem and Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 138, 405-415.
Amo, R., Aizawa, H., Takahoko, M., Kobayashi, M., Takahashi, R., Aoki, T., and Okamoto, H. (2010). Identification of the Zebrafish Ventral Habenula As a Homolog of the Mammalian Lateral Habenula. J Neurosci 30, 1566-1574. Andrews, Z.B., Diano, S., and Horvath, T.L. (2005). Mitochondrial uncoupling proteins in the CNS: in support of function and survival. Nat Rev Neurosci 6, 829-840. Arsenijevic, D., Onuma, H., Pecqueur, C., Raimbault, S., Manning, B., Miroux, B., Couplan, E., Alves-Guerra, M., Goubern, M., and Surwit, R. (2000). Disruption of the uncoupling protein-2 gene in mice reveals a role in immunity and reactive oxygen species production. Nat genet 26, 435-439. Azzu, V., and Brand, M.D. (2010). The on-off switches of the mitochondrial uncoupling proteins. Trends Biochem Sci 35, 298-307 Balaban, R., Nemoto, S., and Finkel, T. (2005). Mitochondria, oxidants, and aging. Cell 120, 483-495. Bermejo-Nogales, A., Calduch-Giner, J.A., and Perez-Sanchez, J. (2010). Gene expression survey of mitochondrial uncoupling proteins (UCP1/UCP3) in gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata L.). J Comp Physiol B 180, 685-694. Blanquart, C., Barbier, O., Fruchart, J.C., Staels, B., and Glineur, C. (2003). Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors: regulation of transcriptional activities and roles in inflammation. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 85, 267-273. Bordet, R., Ouk, T., Petrault, O., Gele, P., Gautier, S., Laprais, M., Deplanque, D., Duriez, P., Staels, B., and Fruchart, J. (2006). PPAR: a new pharmacological target for neuroprotection in stroke and neurodegenerative diseases. Biochem Soc Trans 34, 1341-1346. Brand, M., Affourtit, C., Esteves, T., Green, K., Lambert, A., Miwa, S., Pakay, J., and Parker, N. (2004). Mitochondrial superoxide: production, biological effects, and activation of uncoupling proteins. Free Radic Biol Med 37, 755-767. Brand, M.D., and Esteves, T.C. (2005). Physiological functions of the mitochondrial uncoupling proteins UCP2 and UCP3. Cell Metab 2, 85-93. Brett, J. (1971). Energetic responses of salmon to temperature. A study of some thermal relations in the physiology and freshwater ecology of sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerkd). Integr Comp Biol 11, 99. Bugge, A., Siersbaek, M., Madsen, M.S., Göndör, A., Rougier, C., and Mandrup, S. (2010). A novel intronic peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (PPAR) γ enhancer in the uncoupling protein (UCP) 3 gene as a regulator of both UCP2 and -3 expression in adipocytes. J Biol Chem 285, 17310. Cannon, B., Shabalina, I.G., Kramarova, T.V., Petrovic, N., and Nedergaard, J. (2006). Uncoupling proteins: A role in protection against reactive oxygen species--or not? Biochim Biophys Acta 1757, 449-458. Chan, P., Yang, G., Chen, S., Carlson, E., and Epstein, C. (2004). Cold-induced brain edema and infarction are reduced in transgenic mice overexpressing CuZn-superoxide dismutase. Ann Neurol 29, 482-486. Chou, M., Hsiao, C., Chen, S., and Chen, I. (2008). Effects of hypothermia on gene expression in zebrafish gills: upregulation in differentiation and function of ionocytes as compensatory responses. J Exp Biol 211, 3077. Coulibaly, I., Gahr, S.A., Palti, Y., Yao, J., and Rexroad, C.E., 3rd (2006). Genomic structure and expression of uncoupling protein 2 genes in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). BMC genomics 7, 203. Crawshaw, L., Grahn, D., Wollmuth, L., and Simpson, L. (1985). Central nervous regulation of body temperature in vertebrates: Comparative aspects. Pharmacol Ther 30, 19-30. Deshmukh, M., and Johnson, E. (1997). Programmed cell death in neurons: focus on the pathway of nerve growth factor deprivation-induced death of sympathetic neurons. Mol Pharmacol 51, 897. Donaldson, M., Cooke, S., Patterson, D., and Macdonald, J. (2008). Cold shock and fish. J Fish Biol 73, 1491-1530. Droge, W. (2002). Free radicals in the physiological control of cell function. Physiol Rev 82, 47. Echtay, K. (2007). Mitochondrial uncoupling proteins--what is their physiological role? Free Radic Biol Med 43, 1351-1371. Echtay, K., Esteves, T., Pakay, J., Jekabsons, M., Lambert, A., Portero-Otin, M., Pamplona, R., Vidal-Puig, A., Wang, S., and Roebuck, S. (2003). A signalling role for 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal in regulation of mitochondrial uncoupling. EMBO J 22, 4103. Feige, J.N., Gelman, L., Michalik, L., Desvergne, B., and Wahli, W. (2006). From molecular action to physiological outputs: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors are nuclear receptors at the crossroads of key cellular functions. Prog Lipid Res 45, 120-159. Friedlander, M., Kotchabhakdi, N., and Prosser, C. (1976). Effects of cold and heat on behavior and cerebellar function in goldfish. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 112, 19-45. Girnun, G.D., Domann, F.E., Moore, S.A., and Robbins, M.E.C. (2002). Identification of a Functional Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Response Element in the Rat Catalase Promoter. Mol Endocrinol 16, 2793-2801. Guderley, H. (2004). Metabolic responses to low temperature in fish muscle. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 79, 409-427. Halliwell, B., and Gutteridge, J. (2007). Free radicals in biology and medicine (Oxford University Press Oxford). Hansford, R., Hogue, B., and Mildaziene, V. (1997). Dependence of H2O2 formation by rat heart mitochondria on substrate availability and donor age. J Bioenerg Biomembr 29, 89-95. Hazel, J.R. (1995). Thermal adaptation in biological membranes: is homeoviscous adaptation the explanation? Annu Rev Physiol 57, 19-42. Heise, K., Estevez, M., Puntarulo, S., Galleano, M., Nikinmaa, M., Portner, H., and Abele, D. (2007). Effects of seasonal and latitudinal cold on oxidative stress parameters and activation of hypoxia inducible factor (HIF-1) in zoarcid fish. J Comp Physiol B 177, 765-777. Hwang, P.-P., and Lee, T.-H. (2007). New insights into fish ion regulation and mitochondrion-rich cells. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 148, 479-497. Ibarz, A., Padros, F., Gallardo, M., Fernandez-Borras, J., Blasco, J., and Tort, L. (2010). Low-temperature challenges to gilthead sea bream culture: review of cold-induced alterations and 'Winter Syndrome'. Rev Fish Biol Fisheries, 1-18. Jacob, R. (1995). The integrated antioxidant system. Nutrition Research 15, 755-766. Jastroch, M., Buckingham, J., Helwig, M., Klingenspor, M., and Brand, M. (2007a). Functional characterisation of UCP1 in the common carp: uncoupling activity in liver mitochondria and cold-induced expression in the brain. J Comp Physiol B 177, 743-752. Jastroch, M., Buckingham, J.A., Helwig, M., Klingenspor, M., and Brand, M.D. (2007b). Functional characterisation of UCP1 in the common carp: uncoupling activity in liver mitochondria and cold-induced expression in the brain. J Comp Physiol B 177, 743-752. Jastroch, M., Wuertz, S., Kloas, W., and Klingenspor, M. (2005a). Uncoupling protein 1 in fish uncovers an ancient evolutionary history of mammalian nonshivering thermogenesis. Physiol Genomics 22, 150-156. Jastroch, M., Wuertz, S., Kloas, W., and Klingenspor, M. (2005b). Uncoupling protein 1 in fish uncovers an ancient evolutionary history of mammalian nonshivering thermogenesis. Physiol Genomics 22, 150. Kim-Han, J.S., and Dugan, L.L. (2005). Mitochondrial uncoupling proteins in the central nervous system. Antioxid Redox Signal 7, 1173-1181. Krauss, S., Zhang, C.-Y., and Lowell, B.B. (2005). The mitochondrial uncoupling-protein homologues. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 6, 248-261. Li, J., Patel, V., Kostetskii, I., Xiong, Y., Chu, A., Jason, T., Yu, C., Morley, G., Molkentin, J., and Radice, G. (2008). Cardiac-specific loss of N-cadherin leads to alterations in connexins with conduction slowing and arrhythmogenesis. Circulation Research. Am Heart Assoc 2008, 08-14. Liang, X.F., Ogata, H.Y., Oku, H., Chen, J., and Hwang, F. (2003). Abundant and constant expression of uncoupling protein 2 in the liver of red sea bream Pagrus major. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 136, 655-661. Lin, T.Y., Liao, B.K., Horng, J.L., Yan, J.J., Hsiao, C.D., and Hwang, P.P. (2008). Carbonic anhydrase 2-like a and 15a are involved in acid-base regulation and Na+ uptake in zebrafish H+-ATPase-rich cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 294, C1250-1260. Liu, D., Chan, S., de Souza-Pinto, N., Slevin, J., Wersto, R., Zhan, M., Mustafa, K., de Cabo, R., and Mattson, M. (2006a). Mitochondrial UCP4 mediates an adaptive shift in energy metabolism and increases the resistance of neurons to metabolic and oxidative stress. Neuromolecular Med 8, 389-413. Liu, D., Chan, S.L., de Souza-Pinto, N.C., Slevin, J.R., Wersto, R.P., Zhan, M., Mustafa, K., de Cabo, R., and Mattson, M.P. (2006b). Mitochondrial UCP4 mediates an adaptive shift in energy metabolism and increases the resistance of neurons to metabolic and oxidative stress. Neuromolecular Med 8, 389-414. Mao, W., Yu, X., Zhong, A., Li, W., Brush, J., Sherwood, S., Adams, S., and Pan, G. (1999). UCP4, a novel brain-specific mitochondrial protein that reduces membrane potential in mammalian cells. FEBS Lett 443, 326-330. Mark, F., Lucassen, M., and Portner, H. (2006). Thermal sensitivity of uncoupling protein expression in polar and temperate fish. Comp Biochem Physiol Part D Genomics Proteomics 1, 365-374. Mattiasson, G., Shamloo, M., Gido, G., Mathi, K., Tomasevic, G., Yi, S., Warden, C., Castilho, R., Melcher, T., and Gonzalez-Zulueta, M. (2003a). Uncoupling protein-2 prevents neuronal death and diminishes brain dysfunction after stroke and brain trauma. Nat Med 9, 1062-1068. Mattiasson, G., Shamloo, M., Gido, G., Mathi, K., Tomasevic, G., Yi, S., Warden, C.H., Castilho, R.F., Melcher, T., Gonzalez-Zulueta, M., et al. (2003b). Uncoupling protein-2 prevents neuronal death and diminishes brain dysfunction after stroke and brain trauma. Nat Med 9, 1062-1068. Mignotte, B., and Vayssiere, J. (2001). Mitochondria and apoptosis. Eur J Biochem 252, 1-15. Portner, H., Lucassen, M., and Storch, D. (2005). Metabolic biochemistry: its role in thermal tolerance and in the capacities of physiological and ecological function. Fish Physiol 21, 79-154. Prosser, C., and Nelson, D. (1981). The role of nervous systems in temperature adaptation of poikilotherms. Annu Rev Physiol 43, 281-300. Saito, S., Saito, C.T., and Shingai, R. (2008). Adaptive evolution of the uncoupling protein 1 gene contributed to the acquisition of novel nonshivering thermogenesis in ancestral eutherian mammals. Gene 408, 37-44. Shaklee, J., Christiansen, J., Sidell, B., Prosser, C., and Whitt, G. (1977). Molecular aspects of temperature acclimation in fish: Contributions of changes in enzymes patterns to metrabolic reorganization in the green sun fish. J Exp Zool 201, 1-20. Sies, H., Cadenas, E., Symons, M., and Scott, G. (1985). Oxidative Stress: Damage to Intact Cells and Organs [and Discussion]. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 311, 617-631. Sohal, R.S., and Allen, R.G. (1986). Relationship between oxygen metabolism, aging and development. Adv. Free Radical Biol 2, 117-160. Sokolova, I.M., and Sokolov, E.P. (2005). Evolution of mitochondrial uncoupling proteins: novel invertebrate UCP homologues suggest early evolutionary divergence of the UCP family. FEBS Lett 579, 313-317. Stuart, J.A., Harper, J.A., Brindle, K.M., and Brand, M.D. (1999). Uncoupling protein 2 from carp and zebrafish, ectothermic vertebrates. Biochim Biophys Acta 1413, 50-54. Tang, S., Sun, K., Sun, G., Lin, G., Lin, W., and Chuang, M. (1999). Cold-induced ependymin expression in zebrafish and carp brain: implications for cold acclimation. FEBS Lett 459, 95-99. Thisse, B., Heyer, V., Lux, A., Alunni, V., Degrave, A., Seiliez, I., Kirchner, J., Parkhill, J.P., and Thisse, C. (2004). Spatial and temporal expression of the zebrafish genome by large-scale in situ hybridization screening. Methods Cell Biol 77, 505-519. Toyama, T., Nakamura, H., Harano, Y., Yamauchi, N., Morita, A., Kirishima, T., Minami, M., Itoh, Y., and Okanoue, T. (2004). PPAR [alpha] ligands activate antioxidant enzymes and suppress hepatic fibrosis in rats. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 324, 697-704. van den Burg, E., Peeters, R., Verhoye, M., Meek, J., Flik, G., and Van der Linden, A. (2005). Brain responses to ambient temperature fluctuations in fish: reduction of blood volume and initiation of a whole-body stress response. J Neurophysiol 93, 2849. van den Burg, E.H., Verhoye, M., Peeters, R.R., Meek, J., Flik, G., and Van der Linden, A. (2006). Activation of a sensorimotor pathway in response to a water temperature drop in a teleost fish. J Exp Biol 209, 2015-2024. Vidal-Puig, A., Solanes, G., Grujic, D., Flier, J., and Lowell, B. (1997). UCP3: an uncoupling protein homologue expressed preferentially and abundantly in skeletal muscle and brown adipose tissue. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 235, 79-82. Villarroya, F., Iglesias, R., and Giralt, M. (2007). PPARs in the control of uncoupling proteins gene expression. PPAR Res 2007. Votyakova, T.V., and Reynolds, I.J. (2001). DeltaPsi(m)-Dependent and -independent production of reactive oxygen species by rat brain mitochondria. J Neurochem 79, 266-277. Wang, P., Liu, J., Li, Y., Wu, S., Luo, J., Yang, H., Subbiah, R., Chatham, J., Zhelyabovska, O., and Yang, Q. (2010). Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor[delta] Is an Essential Transcriptional Regulator for Mitochondrial Protection and Biogenesis in Adult Heart. Circ Res. Wullimann, M.F. (1997). The Central Nervous System. The Physiology of Fishes Second Edition, Evans, DH, Ed, New York: Boca Raton CRS, pp. 245-282. Yoo, H., Chang, M., and Rho, H. (1999). Induction of the rat Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase gene through the peroxisome proliferator-responsive element by arachidonic acid. Gene 234, 87-91. Zhang, X., Li, L., Prabhakaran, K., Zhang, L., Leavesley, H.B., Borowitz, J.L., and Isom, G.E. (2007). Uncoupling protein-2 up-regulation and enhanced cyanide toxicity are mediated by PPAR[alpha] activation and oxidative stress. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 223, 10-19. Zigmond, R., Schon, F., and Iversen, L. (1974). Increased tyrosine hydroxylase activity in the locus coeruleus of rat brain stem after reserpine treatment and cold stress. Brain Res 70, 547. | |
| dc.identifier.uri | http://tdr.lib.ntu.edu.tw/jspui/handle/123456789/8608 | - |
| dc.description.abstract | 對於變溫脊椎動物（包含魚類）而言，環境溫度的改變除了會加速粒線體的呼吸作用，同時也會增加粒線體內活性氧化物（Reactive oxygen species, ROS）的形成。密集的呼吸作用下所產生的過量ROS會導致細胞損害。但是藉由粒線體解偶聯蛋白（Uncoupling proteins, UCPs）所引起的緩和性解偶聯作用（Mild uncoupling），與抗氧化酵素的調節，則能夠抑制ROS所造成的氧化壓力。然而至今對於魚類腦部處於低溫緊迫下的抗氧化機制仍不清楚。本研究偵測模式動物-斑馬魚在急性寒冷緊迫下（28 °C 轉移至18 °C），腦內氧化壓力相關指標因子的變化。其中，斑馬魚五個UCP亞型（zUCP1, -2, -2l, -4, -5）被清楚註解與確認，並偵測低溫下其mRNA在斑馬魚腦內的表現。同時，亦測量在低溫緊迫下，斑馬魚腦部蛋白質羰基(氧化壓力的生物標記)的濃度，和細胞內的抗氧化分子，諸如過氧化氫酵素(Catalase, CAT)的mRNA表現量與超氧化歧化酵素(SOD)的活性。實驗結果顯示，除了zucp1外，其餘四型zucps皆會受到低溫刺激而有不同的表現趨勢；蛋白質羰基的濃度在低溫刺激下則有顯著增加，另外腦部SOD活性與cat的mRNA在低溫緊迫下亦會增加。
另一方面，目前哺乳類研究已知過氧化酶活化增生受體（PPAR）可調控UCPs和抗氧化酵素的轉錄。本研究中發現五型的zppar mRNA在低溫下各有不同的表現趨勢，由此推論低溫緊迫下，神經細胞可能會藉由PPAR轉錄調控解偶聯蛋白的基因表現，導致粒線體緩和性解偶聯作用，進而降低ROS累積。此外，研究中也發現抗氧化酶與PPAR有類似的表現量變化趨勢。另一方面，細胞氧化還原狀態的指標：穀胱甘肽氧化還原率（2GSSG/GSH）和穀胱甘肽含量（Glutathione content），在低溫緊迫下均維持不變。综合以上推論：斑馬魚腦內除了抗氧化酶的作用外，PPAR-UCP可能是低溫緊迫下腦部細胞抵抗氧化壓力的另一途徑，同時並參與了代謝平衡的調控與體內平衡的維持。 | zh_TW |
| dc.description.abstract | Exposure to fluctuating temperatures accelerates the mitochondrial respiration and increases the formation of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) in ectothermic vertebrates including fish. Excess ROS production by intensively respiring mitochondria results in cellular damages, but mild uncoupling mechanism and enzymatically antioxidant adjustments can defense the oxidative stress. However, neuronal defense pathway against oxidative stress in fish brain upon cold stress is unclear so far. In this study, five members of uncoupling proteins (UCPs) of zebrafish (Danio rerio) were clearly annotated and identified. Effects of acute cold exposure (from 28 °C to 18 °C) on brains’ zucp mRNA expressions and oxidative stress parameters were measured. Except the zucp1, transcripts of other four zucps would be affected by acute 18 °C exposure. Concentrations of cellular protein carbonyl groups (biomarkers of oxidative stress) were significantly increased after cold exposure. Following the cold exposure, anti-oxidative stress parameters, activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and transcripts of catalase (CAT), were increased. All the mRNA levels of zppar homologs were also found to change after 18 °C exposure. The axis of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) and UCPs is involved in the defense pathways against ROS. In addition, the similar expression patterns of PPAR and antioxidant enzymes were also found in this study. Furthermore, indicators of the cellular redox situation, glutathione redox ratio and glutathione content, were maintained constant. Taken all together, stimulation of the PPAR-UCP axis results in mitochondrial mild uncoupling, biogenesis activation, and reduction of ROS. Apart from the antioxidant enzymes, this mechanism may be one of the defense pathways for anti-oxidative stress, regulating metabolic balance, and maintaining cellular homeostasis in ectothermic zebrafish brain upon stressful cold exposure. | en |
| dc.description.provenance | Made available in DSpace on 2021-05-20T19:58:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ntu-99-R97b41040-1.pdf: 1003466 bytes, checksum: cf2e5553dedd2583b6dd86f92486715d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 | en |
| dc.description.tableofcontents | 中文摘要...................................................1
Abstract...................................................2 Introduction ..............................................3 Cold stress in fish........................................3 CNS response to cold stress................................3 Mitochondrial oxidative stress: ROS and lipid peroxidation.4 Antioxidant system.........................................5 Uncoupling proteins (UCPs).................................5 Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs)........6 PPAR-UCP axis: regulation of oxidative stress in CNS.......7 Aims of this study.........................................8 Material and Methods......................................10 Animals...................................................10 Acclimation experiments...................................10 Preparation of mRNA.......................................10 Phylogenetic and genomic analysis.........................11 Brain sections in situ hybridization......................11 Real-time quantitative (q)PCR.............................12 Protein carbonyl contents measurement.....................12 Determination of superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity......13 Determination of reduced (GSH) and oxidized (GSSG) glutathione...............................................13 Statistical analysis......................................13 Results...................................................15 Phylogenetic analysis, sequence identity and gene structures of zUCPs.......................................15 zucp mRNA expressions in zebrafish........................16 Localization of zucp mRNAs in zebrafish brain at 28 °C....16 Effects of cold acclimation on mRNA expression patterns of zucps in zebrafish brain..................................17 Time-course of changes of oxidative stress parameters in zebrafish brain...........................................17 Protein carbonyl groups...................................18 SOD activities............................................18 Catalase mRNA expressions.................................18 Determination of glutathione state in brains of zebrafish.18 mRNA expression of peroxisome proliferators-activated receptors (PPARs).........................................19 Discussion................................................20 References................................................26 Tables....................................................35 Figures...................................................40 | |
| dc.language.iso | en | |
| dc.title | 低溫緊迫下斑馬魚腦內抗氧化機制與解偶聯蛋白相關研究 | zh_TW |
| dc.title | Exploring uncoupling proteins and anti-oxidative stress mechanisms under acute cold exposure in adult zebrafish brain | en |
| dc.type | Thesis | |
| dc.date.schoolyear | 98-2 | |
| dc.description.degree | 碩士 | |
| dc.contributor.coadvisor | 李士傑 | |
| dc.contributor.oralexamcommittee | 嚴震東,張清風,林豊益 | |
| dc.subject.keyword | 解偶聯蛋白,活性氧,低溫,抗氧化, | zh_TW |
| dc.subject.keyword | uncoupling protein,antioxidant,cold exposure,ROS, | en |
| dc.relation.page | 54 | |
| dc.rights.note | 同意授權(全球公開) | |
| dc.date.accepted | 2010-07-05 | |
| dc.contributor.author-college | 生命科學院 | zh_TW |
| dc.contributor.author-dept | 動物學研究所 | zh_TW |
| 顯示於系所單位： | 動物學研究所 | |
文件中的檔案：
| 檔案 | 大小 | 格式 | |
|---|---|---|---|
| ntu-99-1.pdf | 979.95 kB | Adobe PDF | 檢視/開啟 |
系統中的文件，除了特別指名其著作權條款之外，均受到著作權保護，並且保留所有的權利。